A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, α of the other Indo-European languages: A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit, Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23: ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur, Quint. 1, 5, 61.The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e. a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, ΜΑΑΡΚΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ ΜΑΑΡΚΕΛΛΟΣ, ΚΟΙΝΤΟΝ ΜΑΑΡΚΙΟΝ (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.Short a is changed, , into long a—In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ăb, ā; vădis, vās; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contāmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it, in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. -d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTRAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căv-eo, cāvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).In other forms: ăgo, ambāges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sāgus, sāga; măc-er, mācero; făg- (φαγεῖν), fāgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l. p. 17.)Short a is changed into ĕ or ē—Into ĕ.Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; făl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, detractare, kept their a unchanged).Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ĕpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfĕrus (written also farfărus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.In words taken from the Greek: τάλαντον, talĕntum; φάλαρα, phalĕrae; σίσαρον, sisĕr (but, according to the best MSS., cumăra from καμάρα, not camĕra).Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fācio, fēci; jăcio, jēci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).Short a is changed to ĭ,(most frequently in the second part of compounds) before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inĭmicus (but ă remains unchanged in adămo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). — Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. α. β.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, στράγγω), stringo.In words taken from the Greek: μηχανή, machĭna; πατάνη, patĭna; βυκάνη, bucĭna; τρυτάνη, trutĭna; βαλανεῖον, balĭneum; Κατάνα, Catĭna (written also Catana); Ἀκράγας, Agrĭgentum.Short a is changed into short or long o.Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); μάρμαρον, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).Short a is changed into ŭ—In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium;—before other consonants: quătio, concŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).In words of Greek origin: Ἑκάβη, Hecŭba; σκυτάλη, scutŭla; κραιπάλη, crapŭla; πάσσαλος, pessŭlus; ἄφλαστον, aplustre; θρίαμβος, triumphus.ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ἀλέξω (arc-, arceo).Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.Into ē: hālo, anhēlo; fās-, fēstus, profēstus; nām, nēmpe.Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delābor; gnāvus, ignāvus; fāma, infāmis.)Contrary to the mode of changing Greek α into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: λόγχη, lancea; κύλιξ, călix; Γανυμήδης, Catămītus.The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels αο has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Λαομέδων (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek α is suppressed in Hercules from Ἡρακλῆς (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDILIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (-ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albāī Longāī, terrāī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.ae as well as au are changed into other vowels.The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS. So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeculum and sēculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.In composition and reduplications ae becomes ī: aequus, inīquus; quaero, inquīro; laedo, illīdo; taedet, pertīsum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exīstumo; caedo, cecīdi, concīdo, homicīda.ae is also changed into ī in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Ἀχαιός (Ἀχαιϝός), Achīvus.The diphthong au is often changed to ō and ū (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, cōdex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sōdes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clūdo; raudus, ródus, rūdus; caupo, cōpa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oe and ē appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. ava. (whence -vā, Lat. -ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. māter; S. bhrātri, L. frāter; S. nāsā, L. nāsus and nāris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, L. quattuor (in Greek changed: τέτταρες); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: κεφαλή, etc.).Original a is changed into other Latin vowels— Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pēs); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mē-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ĕgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pĕcus; S. asva, L. ĕquus, etc. Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panća, L. quinque, etc. Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vŏc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pōtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc. Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur. Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes. Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mē-tior, mŏdus; S. prać, L. prĕcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via. Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pā, pitri. As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.; so also A. A. A., ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absolvo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (=antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. =ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.