The contradictions of the Stoics (41-45)

urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg136.perseus-eng2:41-45

Refs	`{'start': {'reference': '41', 'human_reference': 'Section 41'}, 'end': {'reference': '45', 'human_reference': 'Section 45'}}`
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He says, that the infant in the womb is nourished by Nature, like a plant; but when it is brought forth, being cooled and hardened by the air, it changes its spirit and becomes an animal; whence the soul is not unfitly named Psyche because of this refrigeration (ψύχειν). But again he esteems the soul the more subtile and fine spirit of Nature, therein contradicting himself; for how can a subtile thing be made of a gross one, and be rarefied by refrigeration and condensation? And what is more, how does he, declaring an animal to be made by refrigeration, think the sun to be animated, which is of fire and made of an exhalation changed into fire? For he says in his Third Book of Nature: Now the change of fire is such, that it is turned by the air into water; and the earth subsiding from this, the air exhales; the air being subtilized, the ether is produced round about it; and the stars are, with the sun, kindled from the sea. Now what is more contrary to kindling than refrigeration, or to rarefaction than condensation? For the one makes water and earth of fire and air, and the other changes that which is moist and earthy into fire and air. But yet in one place he makes kindling, in another cooling, to be the beginning of animation. And he moreover says, that when the inflammation is throughout, it lives and is an animal, but being again extinct and thickened, it is turned into water and earth and corporeity. Now in his First Book of Providence he says: For the world, indeed, being wholly set on fire, is presently also the soul and guide of itself; but when it is changed into moisture, and has changed the soul remaining within it in some sort into a body and soul, so as to consist of these two, it is then after another manner. Here, forsooth, he plainly says, that the inanimate parts of the world are by

inflammation turned into an animated thing, and that again by extinction the soul is relaxed and moistened, being changed into corporeity. He seems therefore very absurd, one while by refrigeration making animals of senseless things, and again, by the same changing the greatest part of the world’s soul into senseless and inanimate things.

But besides this, his discourse concerning the generation of the soul has a demonstration contrary to his own opinion; for he says, that the soul is generated when the infant is already brought forth, the spirit being changed by refrigeration, as by hardening. Now for the soul’s being engendered, and that after the birth, he chiefly uses this demonstration, that the children are for the most part in manners and inclinations like to their parents. Now the repugnancy of these things is evident. For it is not possible that the soul, which is not generated till after the birth, should have its inclination before the birth; or it will fall out that the soul is like before it is generated; that is, it will be in likeness, and yet not be, because it is not yet generated. But if any one says that, the likeness being bred in the tempers of the bodies, the souls are changed when they are generated, he destroys the argument of the soul’s being generated. For thus it may come to pass, that the soul, though not generated, may at its entrance into the body be changed by the mixture of likeness.

He says sometimes, that the air is light and mounts upwards, and sometimes, that it is neither heavy nor light. For in his Second Book of Motion he says, that the fire, being without gravity, ascends upwards, and the air like to that; the water approaching more to the earth, and the air to the fire. But in his Physical Arts he inclines to the other opinion, that the air of itself has neither gravity nor levity.

He says that the air is by nature dark, and uses this

as an argument of its being also the first cold; for that its darkness is opposite to the brightness, and its coldness to the heat of fire. Moving this in his First Book of Natural Questions, he again in his treatise of Habits says, that habits are nothing else but airs; for bodies are contained by these, and the cause that every one of the bodies contained in any habit is such as it is, is the containing air, which they call in iron hardness, in stone solidness, in silver whiteness. These words have in them much absurdity and contradiction. For if the air remains such as it is of its own nature, how comes black, in that which is not white, to be made whiteness; and soft, in that which is not hard, to be made hardness; and rare, in that which is not thick, to be made thickness? But if, being mixed with these, it is altered and made like to them, how is it a habit or power or cause of these things by which it is subdued? For such a change, by which it loses its own qualities, is the property of a patient, not of an agent, and not of a thing containing, but of a thing languishing. Yet they everywhere affirm, that matter, being of its own nature idle and motionless, is subjected to qualities, and that the qualities are spirits, which, being also aerial tensions, give a form and figure to every part of matter to which they adhere. These things they cannot rationally say, supposing the air to be such as they affirm it. For if it is a habit and tension, it will assimilate every body to itself, so that it shall be black and soft. But if by the mixture with these things it receives forms contrary to those it has, it will be in some sort the matter, and not the cause or power of matter.

It is often said by Chrysippus, that there is without the world an infinite vacuum, and that this infinity has neither beginning, middle, nor end. And by this the Stoics chiefly refute that spontaneous motion of the atoms downward, which is taught by Epicurus; there not being in

infinity any difference according to which one thing is thought to be above, another below. But in his Fourth Book of Things Possible, having supposed a certain middle place and middle region, he says that the world is situated there. The words are these: Wherefore, if it is to be said of the world that it is corruptible, this seems to want proof; yet nevertheless it rather appears to me to be so. However, its occupation of the place wherein it stands cooperates very much towards its seeming to be incorruptible, because it is in the midst; since if it were thought to be anywhere else, corruption would absolutely take hold of it. And again, a little after: For so also in a manner has essence happened eternally to possess the middle place, being immediately from the beginning such as it is; so that both by another manner and through this chance it admits not any corruption, and is therefore eternal. These words have one apparent and visible contradiction, to wit, his admitting a certain middle place and middle region in infinity. They have also a second, more obscure indeed, but withal more absurd than this. For thinking that the world would not have remained incorruptible if its situation had happened to have been in any other part of the vacuum, he manifestly appears to have feared lest, the parts of essence moving towards the middle, there should be a dissolution and corruption of the world. Now this he would not have feared, had he not thought that bodies do by nature tend from every place towards the middle, not of essence, but of the region containing essence; of which also he has frequently spoken, as of a thing impossible and contrary to Nature; for that (as he says) there is not in the vacuum any difference by which bodies are drawn rather this way than that way, but the construction of the world is the cause of motion, bodies inclining and being carried from every side to the centre and middle of it. It is sufficient to this purpose, to set down the text out of his

Second Book of Motion; for having discoursed, that the world indeed is a perfect body, but that the parts of the world are not perfect, because they have in some sort respect to the whole and are not of themselves; and going forward concerning its motion, as having been framed by Nature to be moved by all its parts towards compaction and cohesion, and not towards dissolution and breaking, he says thus: But the universe thus tending and being moved to the same point, and the parts having the same motion from the nature of the body, it is probable that all bodies have this first motion according to Nature towards the centre of the world,—the world being thus moved as regards itself, and the parts being thus moved as being its parts. What then ailed you, good sir (might some one say to him), that you have so far forgotten those words, as to affirm that the world, if it had not casually possessed the middle place, would have been dissoluble and corruptible? For if it is by Nature so framed as always to incline towards the middle, and its parts from every side tend to the same, into what place soever of the vacuum it should have been transposed,—thus containing and (as it were) embracing itself,—it would have remained incorruptible and without danger of breaking. For things that are broken and dissipated suffer this by the separation and dissolution of their parts, every one of them hasting to its own place from that which it had contrary to Nature. But you, being of opinion that, if the world should have been seated in any other place of the vacuum, it would have been wholly liable to corruption, and affirming the same, and therefore asserting a middle in that which naturally can have no middle,— to wit, in that which is infinite,—have indeed dismissed these tensions, coherences, and inclinations, as having nothing available to its preservation, and attributed all the cause of its permanency to the possession of place. And, as if you were ambitious to confute yourself, to the things

you have said before you join this also: In whatsoever manner every one of the parts moves, being coherent to the rest, it is agreeable to reason that in the same also the whole should move by itself; yea, though we should, for argument’s sake, imagine and suppose it to be in some vacuity of this world; for as, being kept in on every side, it would move towards the middle, so it would continue in the same motion, though by way of disputation we should admit that there were on a sudden a vacuum round about it. No part then whatsoever, though encompassed by a vacuum, loses its inclination moving it towards the middle of the world; but the world itself, if chance had not prepared it a place in the middle, would have lost its containing vigor, the parts of its essence being carried some one way, some another.

And these things indeed contain great contradictions to natural reason; but this is also repugnant to the doctrine concerning God and Providence, that assigning to them the least causes, he takes from them the most principal and greatest. For what is more principal than the permanency of the world, or that its essence, united in its parts, is contained in itself? But this, as Chrysippus says, fell out casually. For if the possession of place is the cause of incorruptibility, and this was the production of chance, it is manifest that the preservation of the universe is a work of chance, and not of Fate and Providence.

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to	18	w	2587
pass	1	w	2591
that	14	w	2596
the	61	w	2599
soul	15	w	2603
though	1	w	2610
not	8	w	2613
generated	7	w	2622
may	2	w	2626
at	52	w	2628
its	4	w	2631
entrance	1	w	2639
into	10	w	2643
the	62	w	2646
body	2	w	2650
be	24	w	2652
changed	7	w	2659
by	12	w	2661
the	63	w	2664
mixture	1	w	2671
of	20	w	2673
likeness	3	w	2681
He	4	w	2684
says	8	w	2688
sometimes	1	w	2697
that	15	w	2702
the	64	w	2705
air	7	w	2708
is	41	w	2710
light	1	w	2715
and	28	w	2718
mounts	1	w	2724
upwards	1	w	2731
and	29	w	2735
sometimes	2	w	2744
that	16	w	2749
it	28	w	2751
is	42	w	2753
neither	1	w	2760
heavy	1	w	2765
nor	1	w	2768
light	2	w	2773
For	6	w	2777
in	74	w	2779
his	9	w	2782
Second	1	w	2788
Book	3	w	2792
of	21	w	2794
Motion	1	w	2800
he	85	w	2802
says	9	w	2806
that	17	w	2811
the	66	w	2814
fire	7	w	2818
being	10	w	2824
without	1	w	2831
gravity	1	w	2838
ascends	1	w	2846
upwards	2	w	2853
and	30	w	2857
the	67	w	2860
air	8	w	2863
like	7	w	2867
to	20	w	2869
that	18	w	2873
the	68	w	2877
water	4	w	2882
approaching	1	w	2893
more	5	w	2897
to	21	w	2899
the	69	w	2902
earth	5	w	2907
and	31	w	2911
the	70	w	2914
air	9	w	2917
to	22	w	2919
the	71	w	2922
fire	8	w	2926
But	5	w	2930
in	77	w	2932
his	10	w	2935
Physical	1	w	2943
Arts	1	w	2947
he	92	w	2949
inclines	1	w	2957
to	23	w	2959
the	72	w	2962
other	4	w	2967
opinion	2	w	2974
that	19	w	2979
the	74	w	2982
air	10	w	2985
of	22	w	2987
itself	2	w	2993
has	3	w	2996
neither	2	w	3003
gravity	2	w	3010
nor	2	w	3013
levity	1	w	3019
He	5	w	3022
says	10	w	3026
that	20	w	3030
the	76	w	3033
air	11	w	3036
is	45	w	3038
by	13	w	3040
nature	1	w	3046
dark	1	w	3050
and	32	w	3054
uses	2	w	3058
this	5	w	3062
as	8	w	3064
an	71	w	3066
argument	2	w	3074
of	23	w	3076
its	6	w	3079
being	11	w	3084
also	2	w	3088
the	77	w	3091
first	1	w	3096
cold	1	w	3100
for	11	w	3104
that	21	w	3108
its	7	w	3111
darkness	1	w	3119
is	47	w	3121
opposite	1	w	3129
to	24	w	3131
the	78	w	3134
brightness	1	w	3144
and	33	w	3148
its	8	w	3151
coldness	1	w	3159
to	25	w	3161
the	79	w	3164
heat	1	w	3168
of	24	w	3170
fire	9	w	3174
Moving	1	w	3181
this	6	w	3185
in	83	w	3187
his	13	w	3190
First	2	w	3195
Book	4	w	3199
of	25	w	3201
Natural	1	w	3208
Questions	1	w	3217
he	102	w	3220
again	5	w	3225
in	85	w	3227
his	14	w	3230
treatise	1	w	3238
of	26	w	3240
Habits	1	w	3246
says	11	w	3250
that	22	w	3255
habits	1	w	3261
are	9	w	3264
nothing	1	w	3271
else	1	w	3275
but	4	w	3278
airs	1	w	3282
for	12	w	3286
bodies	2	w	3292
are	10	w	3295
contained	1	w	3304
by	14	w	3306
these	3	w	3311
and	34	w	3315
the	81	w	3318
cause	3	w	3323
that	23	w	3327
every	1	w	3332
one	6	w	3335
of	27	w	3337
the	82	w	3340
bodies	3	w	3346
contained	2	w	3355
in	89	w	3357
any	2	w	3360
habit	2	w	3365
is	52	w	3367
such	2	w	3371
as	9	w	3373
it	43	w	3375
is	53	w	3377
is	54	w	3380
the	83	w	3383
containing	1	w	3393
air	13	w	3396
which	4	w	3402
they	2	w	3406
call	1	w	3410
in	92	w	3412
iron	1	w	3416
hardness	1	w	3424
in	93	w	3427
stone	1	w	3432
solidness	1	w	3441
in	94	w	3444
silver	1	w	3450
whiteness	1	w	3459
These	1	w	3465
words	1	w	3470
have	2	w	3474
in	95	w	3476
them	1	w	3480
much	1	w	3484
absurdity	1	w	3493
and	35	w	3496
contradiction	1	w	3509
For	7	w	3513
if	2	w	3515
the	86	w	3518
air	14	w	3521
remains	1	w	3528
such	3	w	3532
as	10	w	3534
it	46	w	3536
is	55	w	3538
of	28	w	3540
its	11	w	3543
own	2	w	3546
nature	2	w	3552
how	3	w	3556
comes	2	w	3561
black	1	w	3566
in	97	w	3569
that	24	w	3573
which	5	w	3578
is	56	w	3580
not	10	w	3583
white	2	w	3588
to	27	w	3591
be	27	w	3593
made	4	w	3597
whiteness	2	w	3606
and	36	w	3610
soft	1	w	3614
in	98	w	3617
that	25	w	3621
which	6	w	3626
is	57	w	3628
not	11	w	3631
hard	4	w	3635
to	28	w	3638
be	28	w	3640
made	5	w	3644
hardness	2	w	3652
and	37	w	3656
rare	3	w	3660
in	99	w	3663
that	26	w	3667
which	7	w	3672
is	58	w	3674
not	12	w	3677
thick	2	w	3682
to	29	w	3685
be	29	w	3687
made	6	w	3691
thickness	1	w	3700
But	6	w	3704
if	3	w	3706
being	12	w	3712
mixed	1	w	3717
with	4	w	3721
these	4	w	3726
it	51	w	3729
is	59	w	3731
altered	1	w	3738
and	38	w	3741
made	7	w	3745
like	8	w	3749
to	30	w	3751
them	2	w	3755
how	4	w	3759
is	60	w	3761
it	52	w	3763
a	296	w	3764
habit	3	w	3769
or	38	w	3771
power	1	w	3776
or	39	w	3778
cause	4	w	3783
of	30	w	3785
these	5	w	3790
things	4	w	3796
by	15	w	3798
which	8	w	3803
it	54	w	3805
is	61	w	3807
subdued	1	w	3814
For	8	w	3818
such	4	w	3822
a	299	w	3823
change	11	w	3829
by	16	w	3832
which	9	w	3837
it	55	w	3839
loses	1	w	3844
its	12	w	3847
own	3	w	3850
qualities	1	w	3859
is	62	w	3862
the	90	w	3865
property	1	w	3873
of	31	w	3875
a	302	w	3876
patient	1	w	3883
not	13	w	3887
of	32	w	3889
an	80	w	3891
agent	1	w	3896
and	39	w	3900
not	14	w	3903
of	33	w	3905
a	307	w	3906
thing	8	w	3911
containing	2	w	3921
but	5	w	3925
of	34	w	3927
a	309	w	3928
thing	9	w	3933
languishing	1	w	3944
Yet	1	w	3948
they	3	w	3952
everywhere	1	w	3962
affirm	1	w	3968
that	27	w	3973
matter	1	w	3979
being	13	w	3985
of	35	w	3987
its	13	w	3990
own	4	w	3993
nature	3	w	3999
idle	1	w	4003
and	40	w	4006
motionless	1	w	4016
is	64	w	4019
subjected	1	w	4028
to	31	w	4030
qualities	2	w	4039
and	41	w	4043
that	28	w	4047
the	92	w	4050
qualities	3	w	4059
are	12	w	4062
spirits	1	w	4069
which	10	w	4075
being	14	w	4081
also	3	w	4085
aerial	1	w	4091
tensions	1	w	4099
give	1	w	4104
a	324	w	4105
form	1	w	4109
and	42	w	4112
figure	1	w	4118
to	32	w	4120
every	3	w	4125
part	4	w	4129
of	36	w	4131
matter	2	w	4137
to	33	w	4139
which	11	w	4144
they	4	w	4148
adhere	1	w	4154
These	2	w	4160
things	5	w	4166
they	5	w	4170
cannot	1	w	4176
rationally	1	w	4186
say	12	w	4189
supposing	1	w	4199
the	95	w	4202
air	15	w	4205
to	34	w	4207
be	33	w	4209
such	5	w	4213
as	11	w	4215
they	6	w	4219
affirm	2	w	4225
it	62	w	4227
For	9	w	4231
if	4	w	4233
it	63	w	4235
is	65	w	4237
a	336	w	4238
habit	4	w	4243
and	43	w	4246
tension	2	w	4253
it	65	w	4256
will	3	w	4260
assimilate	1	w	4270
every	4	w	4275
body	3	w	4279
to	35	w	4281
itself	3	w	4287
so	27	w	4290
that	29	w	4294
it	67	w	4296
shall	1	w	4301
be	34	w	4303
black	2	w	4308
and	44	w	4311
soft	2	w	4315
But	7	w	4319
if	5	w	4321
by	17	w	4323
the	97	w	4326
mixture	2	w	4333
with	5	w	4337
these	6	w	4342
things	6	w	4348
it	69	w	4350
receives	1	w	4358
forms	1	w	4363
contrary	3	w	4371
to	36	w	4373
those	1	w	4378
it	70	w	4380
has	4	w	4383
it	71	w	4386
will	4	w	4390
be	35	w	4392
in	112	w	4394
some	4	w	4398
sort	2	w	4402
the	99	w	4405
matter	3	w	4411
and	45	w	4415
not	16	w	4418
the	100	w	4421
cause	5	w	4426
or	45	w	4428
power	2	w	4433
of	38	w	4435
matter	4	w	4441
It	1	w	4444
is	66	w	4446
often	1	w	4451
said	1	w	4455
by	18	w	4457
Chrysippus	1	w	4467
that	30	w	4472
there	3	w	4477
is	67	w	4479
without	2	w	4486
the	102	w	4489
world	4	w	4494
an	90	w	4496
infinite	1	w	4504
vacuum	1	w	4510
and	46	w	4514
that	31	w	4518
this	7	w	4522
infinity	1	w	4530
has	5	w	4533
neither	3	w	4540
beginning	2	w	4549
middle	1	w	4556
nor	3	w	4560
end	3	w	4563
And	3	w	4567
by	19	w	4569
this	8	w	4573
the	104	w	4576
Stoics	1	w	4582
chiefly	2	w	4589
refute	1	w	4595
that	32	w	4599
spontaneous	1	w	4610
motion	2	w	4616
of	40	w	4618
the	105	w	4621
atoms	1	w	4626
downward	1	w	4634
which	12	w	4640
is	70	w	4642
taught	1	w	4648
by	20	w	4650
Epicurus	1	w	4658
there	4	w	4664
not	17	w	4667
being	15	w	4672
in	120	w	4674
infinity	2	w	4682
any	3	w	4685
difference	1	w	4695
according	1	w	4704
to	39	w	4706
which	13	w	4711
one	8	w	4714
thing	12	w	4719
is	71	w	4721
thought	1	w	4728
to	40	w	4730
be	38	w	4732
above	1	w	4737
another	3	w	4745
below	1	w	4750
But	8	w	4754
in	125	w	4756
his	17	w	4759
Fourth	1	w	4765
Book	5	w	4769
of	41	w	4771
Things	1	w	4777
Possible	1	w	4785
having	1	w	4792
supposed	1	w	4800
a	368	w	4801
certain	1	w	4808
middle	2	w	4814
place	2	w	4819
and	47	w	4822
middle	3	w	4828
region	1	w	4834
he	135	w	4837
says	12	w	4841
that	33	w	4845
the	108	w	4848
world	5	w	4853
is	73	w	4855
situated	1	w	4863
there	5	w	4868
The	3	w	4872
words	2	w	4877
are	13	w	4880
these	7	w	4885
Wherefore	1	w	4895
if	7	w	4898
it	78	w	4900
is	74	w	4902
to	41	w	4904
be	40	w	4906
said	2	w	4910
of	42	w	4912
the	111	w	4915
world	6	w	4920
that	34	w	4924
it	79	w	4926
is	75	w	4928
corruptible	1	w	4939
this	9	w	4944
seems	2	w	4949
to	42	w	4951
want	1	w	4955
proof	1	w	4960
yet	4	w	4964
nevertheless	1	w	4976
it	80	w	4978
rather	1	w	4984
appears	1	w	4991
to	43	w	4993
me	14	w	4995
to	44	w	4997
be	41	w	4999
so	31	w	5001
However	1	w	5009
its	16	w	5013
occupation	1	w	5023
of	44	w	5025
the	114	w	5028
place	3	w	5033
wherein	1	w	5040
it	82	w	5042
stands	1	w	5048
cooperates	1	w	5058
very	6	w	5062
much	2	w	5066
towards	1	w	5073
its	17	w	5076
seeming	1	w	5083
to	46	w	5085
be	42	w	5087
incorruptible	1	w	5100
because	3	w	5108
it	84	w	5110
is	77	w	5112
in	132	w	5114
the	115	w	5117
midst	1	w	5122
since	1	w	5128
if	8	w	5130
it	85	w	5132
were	1	w	5136
thought	2	w	5143
to	47	w	5145
be	44	w	5147
anywhere	1	w	5155
else	2	w	5159
corruption	1	w	5170
would	1	w	5175
absolutely	1	w	5185
take	1	w	5189
hold	1	w	5193
of	45	w	5195
it	86	w	5197
And	4	w	5201
again	6	w	5206
a	393	w	5208
little	1	w	5214
after	4	w	5219
For	10	w	5223
so	33	w	5225
also	4	w	5229
in	135	w	5231
a	396	w	5232
manner	3	w	5238
has	6	w	5241
essence	1	w	5248
happened	1	w	5256
eternally	1	w	5265
to	48	w	5267
possess	1	w	5274
the	116	w	5277
middle	4	w	5283
place	4	w	5288
being	16	w	5294
immediately	1	w	5305
from	3	w	5309
the	117	w	5312
beginning	3	w	5321
such	6	w	5325
as	16	w	5327
it	88	w	5329
is	78	w	5331
so	35	w	5334
that	35	w	5338
both	1	w	5342
by	21	w	5344
another	4	w	5351
manner	4	w	5357
and	49	w	5360
through	2	w	5367
this	10	w	5371
chance	1	w	5377
it	89	w	5379
admits	1	w	5385
not	20	w	5388
any	5	w	5391
corruption	2	w	5401
and	50	w	5405
is	80	w	5407
therefore	2	w	5416
eternal	2	w	5423
These	3	w	5429
words	3	w	5434
have	3	w	5438
one	9	w	5441
apparent	1	w	5449
and	51	w	5452
visible	1	w	5459
contradiction	2	w	5472
to	49	w	5475
wit	7	w	5478
his	20	w	5482
admitting	1	w	5491
a	419	w	5492
certain	2	w	5499
middle	5	w	5505
place	5	w	5510
and	52	w	5513
middle	6	w	5519
region	2	w	5525
in	141	w	5527
infinity	3	w	5535
They	1	w	5540
have	4	w	5544
also	5	w	5548
a	425	w	5549
second	1	w	5555
more	6	w	5560
obscure	1	w	5567
indeed	2	w	5573
but	6	w	5577
withal	1	w	5583
more	7	w	5587
absurd	3	w	5593
than	3	w	5597
this	11	w	5601
For	11	w	5605
thinking	1	w	5613
that	36	w	5617
the	120	w	5620
world	7	w	5625
would	2	w	5630
not	21	w	5633
have	5	w	5637
remained	1	w	5645
incorruptible	2	w	5658
if	9	w	5660
its	19	w	5663
situation	1	w	5672
had	1	w	5675
happened	2	w	5683
to	50	w	5685
have	6	w	5689
been	1	w	5693
in	149	w	5695
any	6	w	5698
other	7	w	5703
part	5	w	5707
of	46	w	5709
the	122	w	5712
vacuum	2	w	5718
he	157	w	5721
manifestly	1	w	5731
appears	2	w	5738
to	51	w	5740
have	7	w	5744
feared	1	w	5750
lest	1	w	5754
the	123	w	5758
parts	2	w	5763
of	47	w	5765
essence	2	w	5772
moving	1	w	5778
towards	2	w	5785
the	124	w	5788
middle	7	w	5794
there	7	w	5800
should	2	w	5806
be	48	w	5808
a	446	w	5809
dissolution	1	w	5820
and	53	w	5823
corruption	3	w	5833
of	48	w	5835
the	126	w	5838
world	8	w	5843
Now	6	w	5847
this	12	w	5851
he	162	w	5853
would	3	w	5858
not	22	w	5861
have	8	w	5865
feared	2	w	5871
had	2	w	5875
he	163	w	5877
not	23	w	5880
thought	3	w	5887
that	37	w	5891
bodies	4	w	5897
do	3	w	5899
by	22	w	5901
nature	4	w	5907
tend	1	w	5911
from	4	w	5915
every	5	w	5920
place	6	w	5925
towards	3	w	5932
the	127	w	5935
middle	8	w	5941
not	24	w	5945
of	49	w	5947
essence	3	w	5954
but	7	w	5958
of	50	w	5960
the	128	w	5963
region	3	w	5969
containing	3	w	5979
essence	4	w	5986
of	51	w	5989
which	14	w	5994
also	6	w	5998
he	166	w	6000
has	7	w	6003
frequently	1	w	6013
spoken	1	w	6019
as	18	w	6022
of	52	w	6024
a	459	w	6025
thing	13	w	6030
impossible	1	w	6040
and	54	w	6043
contrary	4	w	6051
to	54	w	6053
Nature	4	w	6059
for	17	w	6063
that	38	w	6067
as	19	w	6070
he	167	w	6072
says	13	w	6076
there	8	w	6082
is	86	w	6084
not	25	w	6087
in	154	w	6089
the	130	w	6092
vacuum	3	w	6098
any	7	w	6101
difference	2	w	6111
by	23	w	6113
which	15	w	6118
bodies	5	w	6124
are	17	w	6127
drawn	1	w	6132
rather	2	w	6138
this	13	w	6142
way	1	w	6145
than	4	w	6149
that	39	w	6153
way	2	w	6156
but	8	w	6160
the	132	w	6163
construction	1	w	6175
of	53	w	6177
the	133	w	6180
world	9	w	6185
is	88	w	6187
the	134	w	6190
cause	7	w	6195
of	54	w	6197
motion	3	w	6203
bodies	6	w	6210
inclining	1	w	6219
and	55	w	6222
being	17	w	6227
carried	1	w	6234
from	5	w	6238
every	6	w	6243
side	2	w	6247
to	55	w	6249
the	135	w	6252
centre	1	w	6258
and	56	w	6261
middle	9	w	6267
of	55	w	6269
it	97	w	6271
It	2	w	6274
is	89	w	6276
sufficient	1	w	6286
to	56	w	6288
this	14	w	6292
purpose	1	w	6299
to	57	w	6302
set	2	w	6305
down	2	w	6309
the	136	w	6312
text	1	w	6316
out	6	w	6319
of	56	w	6321
his	25	w	6324
Second	2	w	6330
Book	6	w	6334
of	57	w	6336
Motion	2	w	6342
for	18	w	6346
having	2	w	6352
discoursed	1	w	6362
that	40	w	6367
the	137	w	6370
world	10	w	6375
indeed	3	w	6381
is	93	w	6383
a	481	w	6384
perfect	1	w	6391
body	4	w	6395
but	9	w	6399
that	41	w	6403
the	138	w	6406
parts	3	w	6411
of	58	w	6413
the	139	w	6416
world	11	w	6421
are	18	w	6424
not	26	w	6427
perfect	2	w	6434
because	4	w	6442
they	7	w	6446
have	9	w	6450
in	161	w	6452
some	5	w	6456
sort	3	w	6460
respect	1	w	6467
to	58	w	6469
the	141	w	6472
whole	1	w	6477
and	57	w	6480
are	19	w	6483
not	27	w	6486
of	59	w	6488
themselves	1	w	6498
and	58	w	6502
going	1	w	6507
forward	1	w	6514
concerning	2	w	6524
its	20	w	6527
motion	4	w	6533
as	20	w	6536
having	3	w	6542
been	2	w	6546
framed	1	w	6552
by	24	w	6554
Nature	5	w	6560
to	59	w	6562
be	52	w	6564
moved	1	w	6569
by	25	w	6571
all	6	w	6574
its	21	w	6577
parts	4	w	6582
towards	4	w	6589
compaction	1	w	6599
and	59	w	6602
cohesion	1	w	6610
and	60	w	6614
not	28	w	6617
towards	5	w	6624
dissolution	2	w	6635
and	61	w	6638
breaking	1	w	6646
he	183	w	6649
says	14	w	6653
thus	2	w	6657
But	9	w	6661
the	143	w	6664
universe	1	w	6672
thus	3	w	6676
tending	1	w	6683
and	62	w	6686
being	18	w	6691
moved	2	w	6696
to	62	w	6698
the	144	w	6701
same	2	w	6705
point	1	w	6710
and	63	w	6714
the	145	w	6717
parts	5	w	6722
having	4	w	6728
the	146	w	6731
same	3	w	6735
motion	5	w	6741
from	6	w	6745
the	147	w	6748
nature	5	w	6754
of	60	w	6756
the	148	w	6759
body	5	w	6763
it	100	w	6766
is	95	w	6768
probable	1	w	6776
that	42	w	6780
all	7	w	6783
bodies	7	w	6789
have	10	w	6793
this	15	w	6797
first	2	w	6802
motion	6	w	6808
according	2	w	6817
to	63	w	6819
Nature	6	w	6825
towards	6	w	6832
the	149	w	6835
centre	2	w	6841
of	61	w	6843
the	150	w	6846
world	12	w	6851
the	151	w	6856
world	13	w	6861
being	19	w	6866
thus	4	w	6870
moved	3	w	6875
as	21	w	6877
regards	1	w	6884
itself	4	w	6890
and	64	w	6894
the	152	w	6897
parts	6	w	6902
being	20	w	6907
thus	5	w	6911
moved	4	w	6916
as	22	w	6918
being	21	w	6923
its	23	w	6926
parts	7	w	6931
What	1	w	6936
then	2	w	6940
ailed	1	w	6945
you	1	w	6948
good	1	w	6953
sir	1	w	6956
might	1	w	6962
some	6	w	6966
one	10	w	6969
say	16	w	6972
to	65	w	6974
him	2	w	6977
that	43	w	6983
you	2	w	6986
have	11	w	6990
so	43	w	6992
far	1	w	6995
forgotten	1	w	7004
those	2	w	7009
words	4	w	7014
as	23	w	7017
to	66	w	7019
affirm	3	w	7025
that	44	w	7029
the	154	w	7032
world	14	w	7037
if	12	w	7040
it	103	w	7042
had	3	w	7045
not	29	w	7048
casually	1	w	7056
possessed	1	w	7065
the	155	w	7068
middle	10	w	7074
place	7	w	7079
would	4	w	7085
have	12	w	7089
been	3	w	7093
dissoluble	1	w	7103
and	65	w	7106
corruptible	4	w	7117
For	12	w	7121
if	13	w	7123
it	104	w	7125
is	98	w	7127
by	26	w	7129
Nature	7	w	7135
so	45	w	7137
framed	2	w	7143
as	25	w	7145
always	1	w	7151
to	67	w	7153
incline	2	w	7160
towards	7	w	7167
the	156	w	7170
middle	11	w	7176
and	66	w	7180
its	24	w	7183
parts	8	w	7188
from	7	w	7192
every	7	w	7197
side	3	w	7201
tend	3	w	7205
to	69	w	7207
the	157	w	7210
same	4	w	7214
into	11	w	7219
what	3	w	7223
place	8	w	7228
soever	1	w	7234
of	62	w	7236
the	158	w	7239
vacuum	4	w	7245
it	106	w	7247
should	3	w	7253
have	13	w	7257
been	4	w	7261
transposed	1	w	7271
thus	6	w	7277
containing	4	w	7287
and	67	w	7290
as	26	w	7293
it	107	w	7295
were	2	w	7299
embracing	1	w	7309
itself	5	w	7315
it	109	w	7319
would	5	w	7324
have	14	w	7328
remained	2	w	7336
incorruptible	3	w	7349
and	68	w	7352
without	3	w	7359
danger	1	w	7365
of	63	w	7367
breaking	2	w	7375
For	13	w	7379
things	7	w	7385
that	45	w	7389
are	20	w	7392
broken	1	w	7398
and	69	w	7401
dissipated	1	w	7411
suffer	1	w	7417
this	16	w	7421
by	27	w	7423
the	159	w	7426
separation	1	w	7436
and	70	w	7439
dissolution	3	w	7450
of	64	w	7452
their	2	w	7457
parts	9	w	7462
every	8	w	7468
one	11	w	7471
of	65	w	7473
them	4	w	7477
hasting	1	w	7484
to	71	w	7486
its	26	w	7489
own	7	w	7492
place	9	w	7497
from	8	w	7501
that	46	w	7505
which	16	w	7510
it	112	w	7512
had	4	w	7515
contrary	5	w	7523
to	72	w	7525
Nature	8	w	7531
But	10	w	7535
you	3	w	7538
being	22	w	7544
of	66	w	7546
opinion	3	w	7553
that	47	w	7557
if	14	w	7560
the	162	w	7563
world	15	w	7568
should	4	w	7574
have	15	w	7578
been	5	w	7582
seated	1	w	7588
in	187	w	7590
any	8	w	7593
other	8	w	7598
place	10	w	7603
of	67	w	7605
the	164	w	7608
vacuum	5	w	7614
it	113	w	7617
would	6	w	7622
have	16	w	7626
been	6	w	7630
wholly	2	w	7636
liable	1	w	7642
to	73	w	7644
corruption	4	w	7654
and	71	w	7658
affirming	1	w	7667
the	165	w	7670
same	5	w	7674
and	72	w	7678
therefore	3	w	7687
asserting	1	w	7696
a	590	w	7697
middle	12	w	7703
in	190	w	7705
that	48	w	7709
which	17	w	7714
naturally	1	w	7723
can	3	w	7726
have	17	w	7730
no	34	w	7732
middle	13	w	7738
to	74	w	7742
wit	10	w	7745
in	191	w	7748
that	49	w	7752
which	18	w	7757
is	102	w	7759
infinite	2	w	7767
have	18	w	7773
indeed	4	w	7779
dismissed	1	w	7788
these	8	w	7793
tensions	2	w	7801
coherences	1	w	7812
and	73	w	7816
inclinations	2	w	7828
as	29	w	7831
having	5	w	7837
nothing	2	w	7844
available	1	w	7853
to	75	w	7855
its	27	w	7858
preservation	1	w	7870
and	74	w	7874
attributed	1	w	7884
all	10	w	7887
the	168	w	7890
cause	9	w	7895
of	68	w	7897
its	28	w	7900
permanency	1	w	7910
to	76	w	7912
the	169	w	7915
possession	1	w	7925
of	69	w	7927
place	11	w	7932
And	5	w	7936
as	30	w	7939
if	15	w	7941
you	4	w	7944
were	3	w	7948
ambitious	1	w	7957
to	77	w	7959
confute	1	w	7966
yourself	1	w	7974
to	78	w	7977
the	170	w	7980
things	8	w	7986
you	6	w	7989
have	19	w	7993
said	3	w	7997
before	3	w	8003
you	7	w	8006
join	1	w	8010
this	17	w	8014
also	7	w	8018
In	1	w	8021
whatsoever	1	w	8031
manner	5	w	8037
every	9	w	8042
one	12	w	8045
of	70	w	8047
the	171	w	8050
parts	10	w	8055
moves	1	w	8060
being	23	w	8066
coherent	1	w	8074
to	79	w	8076
the	172	w	8079
rest	1	w	8083
it	119	w	8086
is	106	w	8088
agreeable	1	w	8097
to	80	w	8099
reason	1	w	8105
that	50	w	8109
in	202	w	8111
the	173	w	8114
same	6	w	8118
also	8	w	8122
the	174	w	8125
whole	2	w	8130
should	5	w	8136
move	6	w	8140
by	28	w	8142
itself	6	w	8148
yea	1	w	8152
though	5	w	8159
we	7	w	8161
should	6	w	8167
for	23	w	8171
argument	3	w	8179
s	553	w	8181
sake	1	w	8185
imagine	1	w	8193
and	75	w	8196
suppose	2	w	8203
it	121	w	8205
to	81	w	8207
be	64	w	8209
in	204	w	8211
some	7	w	8215
vacuity	1	w	8222
of	71	w	8224
this	18	w	8228
world	16	w	8233
for	24	w	8237
as	32	w	8239
being	24	w	8245
kept	1	w	8249
in	206	w	8251
on	99	w	8253
every	10	w	8258
side	4	w	8262
it	123	w	8265
would	7	w	8270
move	7	w	8274
towards	8	w	8281
the	175	w	8284
middle	14	w	8290
so	53	w	8293
it	124	w	8295
would	8	w	8300
continue	1	w	8308
in	208	w	8310
the	176	w	8313
same	7	w	8317
motion	7	w	8323
though	6	w	8330
by	29	w	8332
way	4	w	8335
of	72	w	8337
disputation	1	w	8348
we	8	w	8350
should	7	w	8356
admit	3	w	8361
that	51	w	8365
there	10	w	8370
were	4	w	8374
on	103	w	8376
a	639	w	8377
sudden	1	w	8383
a	640	w	8384
vacuum	6	w	8390
round	2	w	8395
about	2	w	8400
it	126	w	8402
No	7	w	8405
part	15	w	8409
then	3	w	8413
whatsoever	2	w	8423
though	7	w	8430
encompassed	1	w	8441
by	30	w	8443
a	646	w	8444
vacuum	7	w	8450
loses	2	w	8456
its	30	w	8459
inclination	4	w	8470
moving	2	w	8476
it	128	w	8478
towards	9	w	8485
the	179	w	8488
middle	15	w	8494
of	73	w	8496
the	180	w	8499
world	17	w	8504
but	11	w	8508
the	181	w	8511
world	18	w	8516
itself	7	w	8522
if	16	w	8525
chance	2	w	8531
had	5	w	8534
not	31	w	8537
prepared	1	w	8545
it	130	w	8547
a	653	w	8548
place	12	w	8553
in	212	w	8555
the	182	w	8558
middle	16	w	8564
would	9	w	8570
have	20	w	8574
lost	1	w	8578
its	32	w	8581
containing	5	w	8591
vigor	1	w	8596
the	183	w	8600
parts	11	w	8605
of	74	w	8607
its	33	w	8610
essence	5	w	8617
being	25	w	8622
carried	2	w	8629
some	8	w	8633
one	13	w	8636
way	5	w	8639
some	9	w	8644
another	5	w	8651
And	6	w	8655
these	9	w	8660
things	9	w	8666
indeed	5	w	8672
contain	8	w	8679
great	2	w	8684
contradictions	1	w	8698
to	84	w	8700
natural	2	w	8707
reason	2	w	8713
but	12	w	8717
this	19	w	8721
is	110	w	8723
also	9	w	8727
repugnant	1	w	8736
to	85	w	8738
the	186	w	8741
doctrine	1	w	8749
concerning	3	w	8759
God	1	w	8762
and	76	w	8765
Providence	2	w	8775
that	52	w	8780
assigning	1	w	8789
to	86	w	8791
them	5	w	8795
the	188	w	8798
least	1	w	8803
causes	1	w	8809
he	232	w	8812
takes	1	w	8817
from	9	w	8821
them	6	w	8825
the	190	w	8828
most	2	w	8832
principal	1	w	8841
and	77	w	8844
greatest	2	w	8852
For	14	w	8856
what	6	w	8860
is	111	w	8862
more	8	w	8866
principal	2	w	8875
than	5	w	8879
the	191	w	8882
permanency	2	w	8892
of	75	w	8894
the	192	w	8897
world	19	w	8902
or	97	w	8905
that	53	w	8909
its	34	w	8912
essence	6	w	8919
united	1	w	8926
in	224	w	8928
its	35	w	8931
parts	12	w	8936
is	112	w	8939
contained	3	w	8948
in	226	w	8950
itself	8	w	8956
But	11	w	8960
this	20	w	8964
as	37	w	8967
Chrysippus	2	w	8977
says	15	w	8981
fell	1	w	8986
out	9	w	8989
casually	2	w	8997
For	15	w	9001
if	17	w	9003
the	193	w	9006
possession	2	w	9016
of	76	w	9018
place	13	w	9023
is	114	w	9025
the	194	w	9028
cause	11	w	9033
of	77	w	9035
incorruptibility	1	w	9051
and	78	w	9055
this	21	w	9059
was	1	w	9062
the	195	w	9065
production	1	w	9075
of	78	w	9077
chance	3	w	9083
it	138	w	9086
is	116	w	9088
manifest	2	w	9096
that	54	w	9100
the	196	w	9103
preservation	2	w	9115
of	79	w	9117
the	197	w	9120
universe	2	w	9128
is	117	w	9130
a	697	w	9131
work	1	w	9135
of	80	w	9137
chance	4	w	9143
and	79	w	9147
not	33	w	9150
of	81	w	9152
Fate	1	w	9156
and	80	w	9159
Providence	3	w	9169