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Whether land or sea animals are cleverer (35-app)

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But, dear Poseidon! What an absurd and ridiculous error I have almost fallen into: while I am spending my time on seals and frogs, I have neglected and omitted the wisest of sea creatures, the most beloved of the gods![*] For what nightingales are to be compared with the halcyon[*] for its love of sweet sound, or what swallows for its love of offspring, or what doves for its love of its mate, or what bees for its skill in construction ? What creatures procreation
and birth pangs has the god[*] so honoured ? For Letos parturition,[*] so they say, only one island[*] was made firm to receive her; but when the halcyon lays her eggs, about the time of the winter solstice, the god[*] brings the whole sea to rest, without a wave, without a swell. And this is the reason why there is no other creature that men love more. Thanks to her they sail the sea without a fear in the dead of winter for seven days and seven nights.[*] For the moment, journey by sea is safer for them than by land. If it is proper to speak briefly of her several virtues, she is so devoted to her mate that she keeps him company, not for a single season, but throughout the year. Yet it is not through wantonness that she admits him to her company, for she never consorts at all with any other male; it is through friendship and affection, as with any lawful wife. When by reason of old age the male becomes too weak and sluggish to keep up with her, she takes the burden on herself, carries him and feeds him, never forsaking, never abandoning him; but mounting him on her own shoulders, she conveys him everywhere she goes and looks after him, abiding with him until the end.[*]

As for love of her offspring and care for their preservation, as soon as she perceives herself to be pregnant, she applies herself to building the nest,[*] not making pats of mud or cementing it on walls and
roofs like the house-martin[*]; nor does she use the activity of many different members of her body, as when the bee employs its whole frame to enter and open the wax, with all six feet pressing at the same time to fashion the whole mass into hexagonal cells, But the halcyon, having but one simple instrument, one piece of equipment, one tool - her bill and nothing else, co-operating with her industry and ingenuity - what she contrives and constructs would be hard to believe without ocular evidence, seeing the object that she moulds - or rather the ship that she builds. Of many possible forms, this alone cannot be capsized[*] or even wet its cargo. She collects the spines of garfish[*] and binds and weaves them together, some straight, others transverse, as if she were thrusting woven threads through the warp, adding such bends and knots of one with another that a compact, rounded unit is formed, slightly prolate in shape, like a fishermans weel. When it is finished, she brings and deposits it beside the surging waves, where the sea beats gently upon it and instructs her how to mend and strengthen whatever is not yet good and tight, as she observes it loosened by the blows. She so tautens and secures the joints that it is difficult even for stones or iron to break or pierce it. The proportions and shape of the hollow interior are as
admirable as anything about it; for it is so constructed as to admit herself only, while the entrance remains wholly hidden and invisible to others - with the result that not even a drop of water can get in. Now I presume that all of you have seen this nest; as for me, since I have often seen and touched it, it comes to my mind to chant the words
Once such a thing in Delos near Apollos shrine[*]
I saw, the Altar of Horn, celebrated as one of the Seven Wonders of the World[*] because it needs no glue or any other binding, but is joined and fastened together, made entirely of horns taken from the right side of the head.[*] Now may the god[*] be propitious to me while I sing of the Sea Siren[*] - and indeed, being both a musician and an islander, he should laugh good-naturedly at my opponents scoffing questions. Why should he not be called a conger-slayer or Artemis be termed a surmullet-slayer?[*] Since he well knows that Aphrodite, born of the sea, regards practically all sea creatures as sacred and related to herself and relishes the
slaughter of none of them. In Leptis,[*] you know, the priests of Poseidon refrain entirely from any sea food, and those initiated into the mysteries at Eleusis hold the surmullet in veneration, while the priestess of Hera at Argos abstains from this fish to pay it honour. For surmullets are particularly good at killing and eating the sea-hare, which is lethal to man.[*] It is for this reason that surmullets possess this immunity, as being friendly and life-saving creatures.

Furthermore, many of the Greeks have temples and altars to Artemis Dictynna[*] and Apollo Delphinios; and that place which the god had chosen for himself the poet[*] says was settled by Cretans under the guidance of a dolphin. It was not, however, the god who changed his shape and swam in front of the expedition, as tellers of tales relate; instead, he sent a dolphin to guide the men and bring them to Cirrha.[*] They also relate that Soteles and Dionysius, the men sent by Ptolemy Soter[*] to Sinope to bring back Serapis, were driven against their will by a violent wind out of their course beyond Malea, with the Peloponnesus on their right. When they were lost and discouraged, a dolphin appeared by the
prow and, as it were, invited them to follow and led them into such parts as had safe roadsteads with but a gentle swell until, by conducting and escorting the vessel in this manner, it brought them to Cirrha. Whence it carne about that when they had offered thanksgiving for their safe landing, they carne to see that of the two statues they should take away the one of Pluto, but should merely take an impress of that of Persephone and leave it behind.[*]

Well might the god be fond of the music-loving character of the dolphin,[*] to which Pindar[*] likens himself, saying that he is roused
Like a dolphin of the sea
Who on the waveless deep of ocean
Is moved by the lovely sound of flutes.
Yet it is even more likely that its affection for men[*] renders it dear to the gods; for it is the only creature who loves man for his own sake.[*] Of the land animals, some avoid man altogether, others, the tamest kind, pay court for utilitarian reasons only to those who feed them, as do dogs and horses and elephants to their familiars. Martins take to houses to get what they need, darkness and a minimum of security, but
avoid and fear man as a dangerous wild beast.[*] To the dolphin alone, beyond all others, nature has granted what the best philosophers seek: friendship for no advantage. Though it has no need at all of any man, yet it is a genial friend to all and has helped many. The story of Arion[*] is familiar to everyone and widely known; and you, my friend, opportunely put us in mind of the tale of Hesiod,[*]
But you failed to reach the end of the tale.[*]
When you told of the dog, you should not have left out the dolphins, for the information of the dog that barked and rushed with a snarl on the murderers would have been meaningless if the dolphins had not taken up the corpse as it was floating on the sea near the Nemeon[*] and zealously passed it from group to group until they put it ashore at Rhium and so made it clear that the man had been stabbed.

Myrsilus[*] of Lesbos tells the tale of Enalus the Aeolian who was in love with that daughter of Smintheus who, in accordance with the oracle of Amphitrite, was cast into the sea by the Penthilidae, whereupon Enalus himself leaped into the sea and was brought out safe on Lesbos by a dolphin.

And the goodwill and friendship of the dolphin for
the lad of Iasus[*] was thought by reason of its greatness to be true love. For it used to swim and play with him during the day, allowing itself to be touched; and when the boy mounted upon its back, it was not reluctant, but used to carry him with pleasure wherever he directed it to go, while all the inhabitants of Iasus flocked to the shore each time this happened. Once a violent storm of rain and hail occurred and the boy slipped off and was drowned. The dolphin took the body and threw both it and itself together on the land and would not leave until it too had died, thinking it right to share a death for which it imagined that it shared the responsibility. And in memory of this calamity the inhabitants of Iasus have minted their coins with the figure of a boy riding a dolphin.[*]

From this the wild tales about Coeranus[*] gained credence. He was a Parian by birth who, at Byzantium, bought a draught of dolphins which had been caught in a net and were in danger of slaughter, and set them all free. A little later he was on a sea voyage in a penteconter, so they say, with fifty pirates aboard; in the strait between Naxos and Paros the ship capsized and all the others were lost, while Coeranus, they relate, because a dolphin sped beneath him and buoyed him up, was put ashore at
Sicinus,[*] near a cave which is pointed out to this day and bears the name of Coeraneum.[*] It is on this man that Archilochus is said to have written the line
Out of fifty, kindly Poseidon left only Coeranus.[*]
When later he died, his relatives were burning the body near the sea when a large shoal of dolphins appeared off shore as though they were making it plain that they had come for the funeral, and they waited until it was completed.[*]

That the shield of Odysseus had a dolphin emblazoned on it, Stesichorus[*] also has related; and the Zacynthians perpetuate the reason for it, as Critheus[*] testifies. For when Telemachus was a small boy, so they say, he fell into the deep inshore water and was saved by dolphins who came to his aid and swam with him to the beach; and that was the reason why his father had a dolphin engraved on his ring and emblazoned on his shield, making this requital to the animal.

Yet since I began by saying that I would not tell you any tall tales and since, without observing what I was up to, I have now, besides the dolphins, run aground on both Odysseus and Coeranus to a point beyond belief, I lay this penalty upon myself: to conclude here and now.

ARISTOTIMUS.[*] So, gentlemen of the jury, you may now cast your votes.

SOCLARUS. As for us, we have for some time held the view of Sophocles[*]:
It is a marvel how of rival sides
The strife of tongues welds both so close together.
For by combining what you have said against each other, you will together put up a good fight against those[*] who would deprive animals of reason and understanding.[*]

APPENDIX: CLASSIFIED ZOOLOGICAL INDEX

A word of caution is needed: Plutarch emphatically was no naturalist. The zoological material is a hodge-podge of misinformation dredged up from various zoological sources, seasoned here and there with personal contributions, which are not necessarily correct. In the original sources, terms for specific types of animals were probably used with considerable precision. It is my impression that Plutarch often had only a vague idea of the meaning of such terms. For example, he consistently uses the specific term for a rock dove, but probably had in mind any type of domestic dove. Similarly, dorcas was used in Greece commonly as a term for the roedeer, but in Asia Minor for the common gazelle. In the original sources the word probably denoted specifically one or the other, depending on where the man lived; but Plutarch may well have used the term vaguely for any type of small deer, including gazelles and antelopes. Alfred C. Andrews

1. Mammals

Αἴλουρος: wild cat of Egypt (Felis ocreata Gm.) and of Europe (F. silvestris Schreb.) and domestic form (F. domestica Briss.).

Αἴξ: domestic goat, Capra hircus L.

Ἀλώπηξ: fox, esp. Vulpes vulgaris Flem.

Ἄρκτος: bear, more esp. the European brown bear, Ursus arctos L.

Βοῦς: domestic ox, Bos taurus L.

Γαλέη (γαλῆ): the weasel (Putorius vulgaris Cuv.), and such similar animals as the marten (Martes sp.) and the polecat or foumart (Mustela putorius L.).

Δασύρους: hare (see Λαγωός).

Δελφίς: dolphin, esp. Delphinus delphis L.

Δορκάς: in Greece, usually a term for the roedeer, Capreolus capreolus L.; in Asia Minor, usually a term for the common gazelle, Gazella dorcas L.

*Ἔλαφος: in Greece, usually a term for the red-deer, Cervus elaphus L.; in Ionia, usually a term for the fallow-deer, C. dama L.

Ελέφας: elephant, Elephas indicus L. and Ε. africanus Blumenb.

Ἔριφος: usually a kid (see Αἴξ); sometimes a very young lamb (see Ὄϊς).

Εχῖνος (χερσαῖος): common hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L.

Ἡμίονος: mule, usually by mare and he-ass, sometimes by stallion and she-ass; in Syria, a term for the wild ass (Asinus onager Sm.) or the dschigetai (A. hemionus Sm.).

Ἵππος: horse, Caballus caballus L.

Ἵππος ποτάμιος: hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius L.

Ἰχνεύμων: ichneumon, Herpestes ichneumon L.

Κάμηλος: the Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus L., and the Arabian camel or dromedary, C. dromedarius L.

Κάπρος: wild boar, mostly Sus scrofa ferus Rütimeyer.

Κῆτος: in Plutarch usually whale, as in 980 F. See also Κῆτος under FISHES.

Κριός: ram (see Ὀϊς).

Κύων: dog, Canis familiaris L.

Λαγωός: hare, esp. the common European hare (Lepus europaeus Pall.), to a lesser degree the variable hare (L. timidus L.).

Λέων: lion, Felis leo L.

Λύνξ: lynx, Lynx lynx L.; caracal, Lynx caracal Güld.

Λύκος: wolf, Canis lupus L.

Ὄϊς: domestic sheep, Ovis aries L.

Ὄνος: domestic ass, Asinus domesticus Sm.

Ὀρεύς: mule (see Ἡμίονος).

Ὄρυξ: chiefly the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx leucoryx Pall.) and the straight-horned oryx (O. beisa Rüppel).

Πάρδαλις: panther or leopard, Felis pardus antiquorum Smith.

Πρόβατον: sheep (see Ὄϊς).

Σύς: pig, Sus scrofa domesticus Rütimeyer.

Ταῦρος: bull (see Βοῦς).

Τίγρις: tiger, Felis tigris L.

Φώην: seal, including the common seal (Phoca vitulina L.) and the monk seal (P. monachus Herm.).

2. Birds

Ἀετός: eagle, esp. Aquila sp.

Ἀηδών: nightingale, chiefly Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm.

Ἀλεκτρυών: domestic cock, Gallus domesticus Briss.

Ἀλκυών: kingfisher, Alcedo ispida L.

Γέρανος: common crane, Grus grus L.

Ἐρωδιός: heron, including the common heron (Ardea cinerea L.), the greater European egret (Herodias alba Gray), the lesser European egret (Garzetta garzetta L.), and the bittern (Botaurus stellaris L.).

Ἶβις: ibis, including the sacred white ibis (Ibis aethiopica Ill.) and the black ibis (Plegades falcinellus Kaup.).

Ἱεραξ: smaller hawks and falcons generically.

Ἰκτῖνος: kite, including the common kite (Milvus ictinus Sav.) and the black kite (Μ. ater Gm.).

Κίττα: jay, Garrulus glandarius L.; sometimes the magpie, Pica caudata L.

Κολοιός: jackdaw, Corvus monedula L.

Κόραξ: raven, Corvus corax L.

Κορώνη: crow (Corvus corone L.) and hooded crow (C. cornix L.).

Κύκνος: swan, Cygnus olor Gra. and C. musicus Bkst.

Μέροψ: bee-eater, Merops apiaster L.

Πελαργός: stork, esp. Ciconia alba L.

Πέρδιξ: partridge, esp. the Greek partridge, Alectoris graeca Kaup; in Italy also the red-legged partridge, A. rufa Kaup.

Περιστερά: rock-dove, Columba livia L.; domestic rock-dove, C. livia domestica L.

Τροχίλος: Egyptian plover, Pluvianus aegyptius Viell.; elsewhere also the common European wren, Troglodytes troglodytes L.

Χελιδών: swallow, including the chimney swallow (Chelidon rustica L.) and the house-martin (Chelidon urbica Boie).

Χήν: as a wild type, the gray or graylag goose (Anser cinereus Meyer) and the bean goose (Anser segetum Bonn.), often the domestic type of the gray goose.

Ψάρ: starling, Sturnus vulgaris L.

Ψιττακός: parrot, perhaps esp. Psittacus alexandri L. and P. torquatus Gm.

Ὠτίς: bustard, Otis tarda L.

Ὦτος: a horned or eared owl, not more specifically identifiable.

3. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIA

Βάτραχος: frog, Rana sp. and allied genera.

Κροκόδειλος: Nile crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus Laur.

Ὄφις: serpent generically.

Χαμαιλέων: the African chameleon, Chameleo vulgaris Latr.

Χελώνη (χερσαία): tortoise, Testudo graeca L. and Τ. marginata Schoepff.; (θαλαττία): sea-turtle, Thalassochelys corticata Rondel.

4. FISHES

Ἁλιεύς: fishing-frog, Lophius piscatorius L.

Ἀλώπηξ: fox-shark, Alopecias vulpes Bp.

Ἀμία: bonito, more esp. the pelamid or belted bonito, Sarda sarda Cuv., to a lesser degree the bonito or striped-bellied tunny, Katsuwonus pelamis Kish.

Ἀνθίας: in 977 c probably the Mediterranean barbier, Serranus anthias C. V.; sometimes spoken of as a much larger fish, then of uncertain identity.

Βελόνη: usually the pipefish (Syngnathus rubescens Risso and S. acus L.) and the garfish (Belone imperialis Vincig. and Strongylura acus Lacép.); in 983 C indeterminable.

Γαλεός: generic term for sharks and dogfishes, more esp. Scyllium canicula Cuv., S. catulus Cuv., and Mustelus vulgaris Müll.

Γαλῆ: principally the hake and rockling, Phycis sp. and Motella sp.

Γόγγρος: conger-eel, Conger vulgaris Cuv.

Ἔλλοψ: probably mostly the common sturgeon, Acipenser sturio L.

Ἡγεμών: usually the pilot-fish, Naucrates ductor Cuv.; in 980 F apparently also one of the globe-fishes, such as Diodon hystrix L.

Θρίσσα: probably the shad, Alosa vulgaris C. V., or the sardinelle, Sardinella aurita C. V.

Θύννος: tunny, mostly the common tunny, Thunnus thynnus L.

Ἱερός: sacred, an epithet applied to several fish, more especially the Ἀμθίας, the gilthead, the sturgeon, the dolphin, and the pilotfish.

Ἰουλίς: rainbow-wrasse, Coris iulis Gth.

Κεστρεύς: the gray mullet in general, sometimes the common gray mullet, Mugil capito Cuv., in particular.

Κῆτος: sometimes a large sea monster (as in 981 D), in other authors sometimes a huge fish (such as a large tunny), but more commonly, and usually in Plutarch, a whale.

Κολίας: coly-mackerel, Pneumatophorus colias Gm.

Κωβιός: goby, chiefly the black goby, Gobius niger L.

Λάβραξ: sea-bass, Labrax lupus Cuv.

Μορμύρος: type of sea bream, the mormyrus, Pagellus mormyrus C. V.

Μύραινα: moray or murry, Muraena helena L.

Νάρκη: torpedo or electric ray, esp. Torpedo marmorata Risso, less commonly Τ. narce Nardo and Τ. hebetans Löwe.

Περαίας: a type of gray mullet (Mugil sp.).

Πηλαμύς: year-old tunny (see Θύννος).

Σαργός: sargue, esp. Sargus vulgaris Geoff.

Σκάρος: parrot-fish, Scarus cretensis C. V.

Σκορίος: sculpin, Scorpaena scrofa L. and S. porcus L.

Τρίγλα: the red or plain surmullet, Mullus barbatus L., and the striped or common surmullet, Μ. surmuletus L.

Φυκίς: a wrasse, probably specifically Crenilabrus pavo C. V.

Χρυσωρός: gilthead, Chrysophrys aurata C. V.

5. MOLLUSCS

Κόγχη: mussels in general, including oysters.

Λαγωός (θαλάττιος): sea-hare, Aplysia depilans L.

Ὄστρεον: sometimes a generic term for mussels; more commonly a specific term for the common European oyster, Ostrea edulis L.; occasionally a term for other species of oyster, such as O. lamellosa Brocchi and O. cristata Lam.

Πίννη: pinna, especially Pinna nobilis L.; but also P. rudis L., P. rotundata L., and P. pectinata L.

Πολύπους: octopus, Octopus vulgaris Lam.

Πορφύρα: purplefish, Murex trunculus L., Μ. brandaris L., and Thais haemastoma Lam.

Σηπία: cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L.

6. CRUSTACEA

Κάραβος: rock lobster, Palinurus vulgaris Latr.

Καρκίνος: crab, Decapoda brachyura Lam.

Πάγουρος: probably the common edible crab, Cancer pagurus L.

Πιννοτήρης: pinna-guard, Pinnoteres veterum L.

Σπογγοτήρης: sponge-guard, Typton spongicola Costa.

7. INSECTS AND SPIDERS

Ἀράχνης: spider (class Arachnoidea, order Araneida).

Μέλιττα: bee generically, but mostly domestic honeybee, Apis mellifera L.

Μύρμηξ: ant generically (family Formicidae).

Τέττιξ: cicada, esp. Cicada plebeia Scop, and C. orni L.

8. ECHINODERMS

Ἀστήρ: starfish generically, Asterias sp.

Ἐχῖνος (θαλάττιος): sea-urchin, especially Echinus esculentus Lam. and Strongylocentrotus lividus Brdt.

9. PORIFERA

Σπόγγος: sponge, chiefly Euspongia officinalis Bronn. and Hippospongia equina Schmidt.

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Aelian 2 w 1121
De 3 w 1124
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Histories 1 w 6315
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Hist 9 w 7401
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Martins 1 w 7817
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Anabasis 1 w 7977
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Hist 10 w 8821
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Animal 9 w 9415
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Hist 12 w 9537
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The 16 w 10003
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Nat 14 w 10324
Hist 13 w 10329
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Great 1 w 10371
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Natura 8 w 10469
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and 93 w 11030
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Sicinus 1 w 11063
An 20 w 11066
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of 102 w 11079
Paros 2 w 11084
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cave 1 w 11094
which 9 w 11099
is 100 w 11101
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this 13 w 11117
day 3 w 11120
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the 209 w 11131
name 2 w 11135
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Coeraneum 1 w 11146
Cf 13 w 11149
Edmonds 2 w 11157
Elegy 1 w 11163
and 96 w 11166
Iambus 1 w 11172
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321 1 w 11181
L 23 w 11183
C 29 w 11185
L 24 w 11187
It 3 w 11192
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man 15 w 11203
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Archilochus 1 w 11218
is 104 w 11220
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to 96 w 11226
have 9 w 11230
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Out 1 w 11247
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Poseidon 6 w 11269
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only 5 w 11277
Coeranus 3 w 11285
Edmonds 3 w 11293
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cit 6 w 11300
ii 23 w 11303
p 202 w 11305
164 1 w 11309
Diehl 2 w 11315
Anth 2 w 11320
Lyrica 2 w 11327
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p 203 w 11331
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When 6 w 11349
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relatives 1 w 11373
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the 212 w 11398
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when 6 w 11405
a 820 w 11406
large 1 w 11411
shoal 1 w 11416
of 105 w 11418
dolphins 7 w 11426
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though 4 w 11450
they 12 w 11454
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making 2 w 11464
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On 3 w 11535
the 217 w 11538
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Pliny 9 w 11561
Nat 16 w 11565
Hist 15 w 11570
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25 4 w 11576
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That 3 w 11584
the 218 w 11587
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Odysseus 1 w 11603
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Stesichorus 1 w 11640
Edmonds 4 w 11647
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the 219 w 11696
Zacynthians 1 w 11707
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Critheus 1 w 11742
Nothing 1 w 11749
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For 9 w 11832
when 7 w 11836
Telemachus 1 w 11846
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the 223 w 11882
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dolphins 9 w 11919
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the 225 w 11972
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his 23 w 11984
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his 24 w 12014
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Yet 3 w 12076
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the 228 w 12184
dolphins 10 w 12192
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both 3 w 12209
Odysseus 2 w 12217
and 104 w 12220
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ARISTOTIMUS 1 w 12307
Perhaps 1 w 12315
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Heracleon 1 w 12330
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Optatus 1 w 12345
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So 3 w 12354
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the 230 w 12369
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SOCLARUS 1 w 12405
As 4 w 12408
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time 5 w 12431
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the 231 w 12438
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Sophocles 1 w 12453
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Trag 1 w 12463
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Frag 4 w 12474
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Pearson 1 w 12497
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It 4 w 12519
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sides 2 w 12543
The 19 w 12546
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tongues 1 w 12561
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For 10 w 12589
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you 11 w 12607
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each 4 w 12626
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you 12 w 12635
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together 6 w 12647
put 4 w 12650
up 17 w 12652
a 925 w 12653
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The 20 w 12677
Stoics 1 w 12683
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in 212 w 12694
this 18 w 12698
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would 5 w 12712
deprive 1 w 12719
animals 2 w 12726
of 113 w 12728
reason 8 w 12734
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understanding 1 w 12750
To 2 w 12753
some 6 w 12757
critics 1 w 12764
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its 16 w 12797
brevity 1 w 12804
and 108 w 12807
vagueness 1 w 12816
they 16 w 12821
regard 3 w 12827
it 130 w 12829
as 82 w 12831
added 1 w 12836
by 25 w 12838
an 204 w 12840
ancient 1 w 12847
editor 1 w 12853
who 15 w 12856
could 1 w 12861
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find 1 w 12868
the 237 w 12871
original 1 w 12879
termination 1 w 12890
But 4 w 12894
the 238 w 12897
sudden 1 w 12903
turn 1 w 12907
at 131 w 12909
the 239 w 12912
end 16 w 12915
may 4 w 12918
merely 2 w 12924
indicate 2 w 12932
that 28 w 12936
the 240 w 12939
whole 5 w 12944
debate 1 w 12950
is 118 w 12952
in 219 w 12954
reality 1 w 12961
a 953 w 12962
single 2 w 12968
argument 1 w 12976
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prove 1 w 12983
the 241 w 12986
thesis 1 w 12992
that 29 w 12996
animals 3 w 13003
do 45 w 13005
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degree 1 w 13019
of 115 w 13021
rationality 1 w 13032
see 16 w 13036
also 7 w 13040
the 243 w 13043
Introduction 1 w 13055
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this 19 w 13061
dialogue 1 w 13069
APPENDIX 1 w 13079
CLASSIFIED 1 w 13090
ZOOLOGICAL 1 w 13100
INDEX 1 w 13105
A 69 w 13106
word 2 w 13110
of 116 w 13112
caution 1 w 13119
is 121 w 13121
needed 1 w 13127
Plutarch 2 w 13136
emphatically 1 w 13148
was 21 w 13151
no 42 w 13153
naturalist 1 w 13163
The 21 w 13167
zoological 1 w 13177
material 1 w 13185
is 123 w 13187
a 973 w 13188
hodge-podge 1 w 13199
of 117 w 13201
misinformation 1 w 13215
dredged 1 w 13222
up 18 w 13224
from 6 w 13228
various 1 w 13235
zoological 2 w 13245
sources 1 w 13252
seasoned 1 w 13261
here 12 w 13265
and 109 w 13268
there 3 w 13273
with 28 w 13277
personal 1 w 13285
contributions 1 w 13298
which 10 w 13304
are 14 w 13307
not 23 w 13310
necessarily 1 w 13321
correct 2 w 13328
In 4 w 13331
the 245 w 13334
original 2 w 13342
sources 2 w 13349
terms 1 w 13355
for 37 w 13358
specific 1 w 13366
types 1 w 13371
of 118 w 13373
animals 4 w 13380
were 11 w 13384
probably 1 w 13392
used 4 w 13396
with 29 w 13400
considerable 1 w 13412
precision 1 w 13421
It 5 w 13424
is 126 w 13426
my 9 w 13428
impression 1 w 13438
that 30 w 13442
Plutarch 3 w 13450
often 2 w 13455
had 11 w 13458
only 6 w 13462
a 990 w 13463
vague 3 w 13468
idea 1 w 13472
of 120 w 13474
the 246 w 13477
meaning 3 w 13484
of 121 w 13486
such 5 w 13490
terms 2 w 13495
For 11 w 13499
example 2 w 13506
he 347 w 13509
consistently 1 w 13521
uses 2 w 13525
the 247 w 13528
specific 2 w 13536
term 7 w 13540
for 38 w 13543
a 995 w 13544
rock 1 w 13548
dove 2 w 13552
but 13 w 13556
probably 2 w 13564
had 12 w 13567
in 224 w 13569
mind 3 w 13573
any 16 w 13576
type 2 w 13580
of 122 w 13582
domestic 1 w 13590
dove 3 w 13594
Similarly 1 w 13604
dorcas 1 w 13611
was 22 w 13614
used 5 w 13618
in 226 w 13620
Greece 1 w 13626
commonly 1 w 13634
as 87 w 13636
a 1003 w 13637
term 8 w 13641
for 39 w 13644
the 248 w 13647
roedeer 1 w 13654
but 14 w 13658
in 227 w 13660
Asia 1 w 13664
Minor 1 w 13669
for 40 w 13672
the 249 w 13675
common 2 w 13681
gazelle 1 w 13688
In 5 w 13691
the 250 w 13694
original 3 w 13702
sources 3 w 13709
the 251 w 13712
word 3 w 13716
probably 3 w 13724
denoted 1 w 13731
specifically 1 w 13743
one 21 w 13746
or 130 w 13748
the 252 w 13751
other 13 w 13756
depending 1 w 13766
on 167 w 13768
where 5 w 13773
the 254 w 13776
man 16 w 13779
lived 1 w 13784
but 15 w 13788
Plutarch 4 w 13796
may 5 w 13799
well 4 w 13803
have 14 w 13807
used 6 w 13811
the 255 w 13814
term 9 w 13818
vaguely 1 w 13825
for 41 w 13828
any 17 w 13831
type 3 w 13835
of 123 w 13837
small 3 w 13842
deer 2 w 13846
including 1 w 13856
gazelles 1 w 13864
and 110 w 13867
antelopes 1 w 13876
Alfred 1 w 13883
C 36 w 13884
Andrews 2 w 13892
1 37 w 13893
Mammals 1 w 13901
Αἴλουρος 1 w 13909
wild 3 w 13914
cat 5 w 13917
of 124 w 13919
Egypt 1 w 13924
Felis 1 w 13930
ocreata 1 w 13937
Gm 1 w 13939
and 111 w 13944
of 125 w 13946
Europe 1 w 13952
F 22 w 13954
silvestris 1 w 13965
Schreb 1 w 13971
and 112 w 13976
domestic 2 w 13984
form 5 w 13988
F 23 w 13990
domestica 1 w 14000
Briss 1 w 14005
Αἴξ 1 w 14011
domestic 4 w 14020
goat 1 w 14024
Capra 1 w 14030
hircus 1 w 14036
L 31 w 14037
Ἀλώπηξ 1 w 14044
fox 1 w 14048
esp 2 w 14052
Vulpes 1 w 14059
vulgaris 1 w 14067
Flem 1 w 14071
Ἄρκτος 1 w 14078
bear 2 w 14083
more 4 w 14088
esp 3 w 14091
the 256 w 14095
European 1 w 14103
brown 1 w 14108
bear 3 w 14112
Ursus 1 w 14118
arctos 1 w 14124
L 32 w 14125
Βοῦς 1 w 14130
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ox 2 w 14141
Bos 1 w 14145
taurus 1 w 14151
L 33 w 14152
Γαλέη 1 w 14158
γαλῆ 1 w 14163
the 257 w 14168
weasel 1 w 14174
Putorius 1 w 14183
vulgaris 2 w 14191
Cuv 1 w 14194
and 113 w 14200
such 6 w 14204
similar 1 w 14211
animals 5 w 14218
as 89 w 14220
the 258 w 14223
marten 1 w 14229
Martes 1 w 14236
sp 17 w 14238
and 114 w 14243
the 259 w 14246
polecat 1 w 14253
or 135 w 14255
foumart 1 w 14262
Mustela 1 w 14270
putorius 1 w 14278
L 34 w 14279
Δασύρους 1 w 14290
hare 4 w 14295
see 17 w 14299
Λαγωός 1 w 14305
Δελφίς 1 w 14313
dolphin 27 w 14321
esp 4 w 14325
Delphinus 1 w 14335
delphis 1 w 14342
L 35 w 14343
Δορκάς 1 w 14350
in 235 w 14353
Greece 2 w 14359
usually 2 w 14367
a 1051 w 14368
term 10 w 14372
for 43 w 14375
the 260 w 14378
roedeer 2 w 14385
Capreolus 1 w 14395
capreolus 1 w 14404
L 36 w 14405
in 236 w 14409
Asia 2 w 14413
Minor 2 w 14418
usually 3 w 14426
a 1056 w 14427
term 11 w 14431
for 44 w 14434
the 261 w 14437
common 3 w 14443
gazelle 3 w 14450
Gazella 1 w 14458
dorcas 2 w 14464
L 37 w 14465
Ἔλαφος 1 w 14473
in 238 w 14476
Greece 3 w 14482
usually 4 w 14490
a 1062 w 14491
term 12 w 14495
for 45 w 14498
the 262 w 14501
red-deer 1 w 14509
Cervus 1 w 14516
elaphus 1 w 14523
L 38 w 14524
in 239 w 14528
Ionia 2 w 14533
usually 5 w 14541
a 1066 w 14542
term 13 w 14546
for 46 w 14549
the 263 w 14552
fallow-deer 1 w 14563
C 41 w 14565
dama 1 w 14570
L 39 w 14571
Ελέφας 1 w 14578
elephant 2 w 14587
Elephas 1 w 14595
indicus 1 w 14602
L 40 w 14603
and 115 w 14607
Ε 2 w 14608
africanus 1 w 14618
Blumenb 1 w 14625
Ἔριφος 1 w 14632
usually 6 w 14640
a 1076 w 14641
kid 1 w 14644
see 18 w 14648
Αἴξ 2 w 14651
sometimes 1 w 14662
a 1077 w 14663
very 4 w 14667
young 2 w 14672
lamb 1 w 14676
see 19 w 14680
Ὄϊς 1 w 14683
Εχῖνος 1 w 14691
χερσαῖος 1 w 14700
common 4 w 14708
hedgehog 1 w 14716
Erinaceus 1 w 14726
europaeus 1 w 14735
L 41 w 14736
Ἡμίονος 1 w 14744
mule 1 w 14749
usually 7 w 14757
by 26 w 14759
mare 1 w 14763
and 116 w 14766
he-ass 1 w 14772
sometimes 2 w 14782
by 27 w 14784
stallion 1 w 14792
and 117 w 14795
she-ass 1 w 14802
in 242 w 14805
Syria 1 w 14810
a 1089 w 14812
term 14 w 14816
for 47 w 14819
the 264 w 14822
wild 4 w 14826
ass 7 w 14829
Asinus 1 w 14836
onager 1 w 14842
Sm 2 w 14844
or 144 w 14848
the 265 w 14851
dschigetai 1 w 14861
A 75 w 14863
hemionus 1 w 14872
Sm 3 w 14874
Ἵππος 1 w 14882
horse 2 w 14888
Caballus 1 w 14897
caballus 1 w 14905
L 42 w 14906
Ἵππος 2 w 14912
ποτάμιος 1 w 14920
hippopotamus 1 w 14933
Hippopotamus 1 w 14946
amphibius 1 w 14955
L 43 w 14956
Ἰχνεύμων 1 w 14965
ichneumon 1 w 14975
Herpestes 1 w 14985
ichneumon 2 w 14994
L 44 w 14995
Κάμηλος 1 w 15003
the 266 w 15007
Bactrian 1 w 15015
camel 1 w 15020
Camelus 1 w 15028
bactrianus 1 w 15038
L 45 w 15039
and 118 w 15044
the 267 w 15047
Arabian 1 w 15054
camel 2 w 15059
or 146 w 15061
dromedary 1 w 15070
C 44 w 15072
dromedarius 1 w 15084
L 46 w 15085
Κάπρος 1 w 15092
wild 5 w 15097
boar 2 w 15101
mostly 1 w 15108
Sus 1 w 15111
scrofa 1 w 15117
ferus 1 w 15122
Rütimeyer 1 w 15131
Κῆτος 1 w 15137
in 244 w 15140
Plutarch 5 w 15148
usually 8 w 15155
whale 1 w 15160
as 95 w 15163
in 245 w 15165
980 1 w 15168
F 25 w 15169
See 2 w 15173
also 8 w 15177
Κῆτος 2 w 15182
under 3 w 15187
FISHES 1 w 15193
Κριός 1 w 15199
ram 2 w 15203
see 20 w 15207
Ὀϊς 1 w 15210
Κύων 1 w 15216
dog 4 w 15220
Canis 1 w 15226
familiaris 1 w 15236
L 47 w 15237
Λαγωός 2 w 15244
hare 5 w 15249
esp 5 w 15253
the 268 w 15257
common 5 w 15263
European 2 w 15271
hare 6 w 15275
Lepus 1 w 15281
europaeus 2 w 15290
Pall 1 w 15294
to 114 w 15299
a 1128 w 15300
lesser 1 w 15306
degree 2 w 15312
the 269 w 15315
variable 1 w 15323
hare 7 w 15327
L 49 w 15329
timidus 1 w 15337
L 50 w 15338
Λέων 1 w 15345
lion 2 w 15350
Felis 2 w 15356
leo 2 w 15359
L 51 w 15360
Λύνξ 1 w 15365
lynx 1 w 15370
Lynx 1 w 15375
lynx 2 w 15379
L 53 w 15380
caracal 1 w 15389
Lynx 2 w 15394
caracal 2 w 15401
Güld 1 w 15405
Λύκος 1 w 15411
wolf 1 w 15416
Canis 2 w 15422
lupus 1 w 15427
L 55 w 15428
Ὄϊς 2 w 15432
domestic 6 w 15441
sheep 1 w 15446
Ovis 1 w 15451
aries 1 w 15456
L 56 w 15457
Ὄνος 1 w 15462
domestic 7 w 15471
ass 8 w 15474
Asinus 2 w 15481
domesticus 1 w 15491
Sm 4 w 15493
Ὀρεύς 1 w 15499
mule 2 w 15504
see 21 w 15508
Ἡμίονος 2 w 15515
Ὄρυξ 1 w 15521
chiefly 1 w 15529
the 270 w 15532
scimitar-horned 1 w 15547
oryx 1 w 15551
Oryx 1 w 15556
leucoryx 1 w 15564
Pall 2 w 15568
and 119 w 15573
the 271 w 15576
straight-horned 1 w 15591
oryx 3 w 15595
O 25 w 15597
beisa 1 w 15603
Rüppel 1 w 15609
Πάρδαλις 1 w 15619
panther 1 w 15627
or 152 w 15629
leopard 1 w 15636
Felis 3 w 15642
pardus 1 w 15648
antiquorum 1 w 15658
Smith 1 w 15663
Πρόβατον 1 w 15672
sheep 2 w 15678
see 22 w 15682
Ὄϊς 3 w 15685
Σύς 1 w 15690
pig 1 w 15694
Sus 2 w 15698
scrofa 2 w 15704
domesticus 2 w 15714
Rütimeyer 2 w 15723
Ταῦρος 1 w 15730
bull 1 w 15735
see 23 w 15739
Βοῦς 2 w 15743
Τίγρις 1 w 15751
tiger 1 w 15757
Felis 4 w 15763
tigris 1 w 15769
L 57 w 15770
Φώην 1 w 15775
seal 2 w 15780
including 2 w 15790
the 273 w 15793
common 6 w 15799
seal 3 w 15803
Phoca 1 w 15809
vitulina 1 w 15817
L 58 w 15818
and 120 w 15823
the 274 w 15826
monk 1 w 15830
seal 4 w 15834
P 47 w 15836
monachus 1 w 15845
Herm 1 w 15849
2 30 w 15853
Birds 2 w 15859
Ἀετός 1 w 15864
eagle 1 w 15870
esp 6 w 15874
Aquila 1 w 15881
sp 21 w 15883
Ἀηδών 1 w 15889
nightingale 2 w 15901
chiefly 2 w 15909
Luscinia 1 w 15917
megarhyncha 1 w 15928
Brehm 1 w 15933
Ἀλεκτρυών 1 w 15943
domestic 10 w 15952
cock 1 w 15956
Gallus 1 w 15963
domesticus 3 w 15973
Briss 2 w 15978
Ἀλκυών 1 w 15985
kingfisher 1 w 15996
Alcedo 1 w 16003
ispida 1 w 16009
L 60 w 16010
Γέρανος 1 w 16018
common 7 w 16025
crane 1 w 16030
Grus 1 w 16035
grus 1 w 16039
L 61 w 16040
Ἐρωδιός 1 w 16048
heron 1 w 16054
including 3 w 16064
the 275 w 16067
common 8 w 16073
heron 2 w 16078
Ardea 1 w 16084
cinerea 1 w 16091
L 62 w 16092
the 276 w 16098
greater 1 w 16105
European 3 w 16113
egret 1 w 16118
Herodias 1 w 16127
alba 1 w 16131
Gray 1 w 16135
the 277 w 16140
lesser 2 w 16146
European 4 w 16154
egret 2 w 16159
Garzetta 1 w 16168
garzetta 1 w 16176
L 63 w 16177
and 121 w 16183
the 278 w 16186
bittern 1 w 16193
Botaurus 1 w 16202
stellaris 1 w 16211
L 64 w 16212
Ἶβις 1 w 16219
ibis 1 w 16224
including 4 w 16234
the 279 w 16237
sacred 2 w 16243
white 1 w 16248
ibis 2 w 16252
Ibis 1 w 16257
aethiopica 1 w 16267
Ill 1 w 16270
and 122 w 16275
the 280 w 16278
black 1 w 16283
ibis 3 w 16287
Plegades 1 w 16296
falcinellus 1 w 16307
Kaup 1 w 16311
Ἱεραξ 1 w 16319
smaller 1 w 16327
hawks 1 w 16332
and 123 w 16335
falcons 1 w 16342
generically 1 w 16353
Ἰκτῖνος 1 w 16361
kite 1 w 16366
including 5 w 16376
the 281 w 16379
common 9 w 16385
kite 2 w 16389
Milvus 1 w 16396
ictinus 1 w 16403
Sav 1 w 16406
and 124 w 16411
the 282 w 16414
black 2 w 16419
kite 3 w 16423
Μ 1 w 16425
ater 7 w 16430
Gm 2 w 16432
Κίττα 1 w 16440
jay 1 w 16444
Garrulus 1 w 16453
glandarius 1 w 16463
L 65 w 16464
sometimes 3 w 16475
the 283 w 16478
magpie 1 w 16484
Pica 1 w 16489
caudata 1 w 16496
L 66 w 16497
Κολοιός 1 w 16505
jackdaw 1 w 16513
Corvus 1 w 16520
monedula 1 w 16528
L 67 w 16529
Κόραξ 1 w 16535
raven 1 w 16541
Corvus 2 w 16548
corax 1 w 16553
L 68 w 16554
Κορώνη 1 w 16561
crow 1 w 16566
Corvus 3 w 16573
corone 1 w 16579
L 69 w 16580
and 126 w 16585
hooded 1 w 16591
crow 2 w 16595
C 50 w 16597
cornix 1 w 16604
L 70 w 16605
Κύκνος 1 w 16614
swan 1 w 16619
Cygnus 1 w 16626
olor 1 w 16630
Gra 6 w 16633
and 127 w 16637
C 52 w 16638
musicus 1 w 16646
Bkst 1 w 16650
Μέροψ 1 w 16656
bee-eater 1 w 16666
Merops 1 w 16673
apiaster 1 w 16681
L 71 w 16682
Πελαργός 1 w 16691
stork 1 w 16697
esp 7 w 16701
Ciconia 1 w 16709
alba 2 w 16713
L 72 w 16714
Πέρδιξ 1 w 16721
partridge 1 w 16731
esp 8 w 16735
the 284 w 16739
Greek 4 w 16744
partridge 2 w 16753
Alectoris 1 w 16763
graeca 1 w 16769
Kaup 2 w 16773
in 262 w 16776
Italy 1 w 16781
also 9 w 16785
the 285 w 16788
red-legged 1 w 16798
partridge 3 w 16807
A 82 w 16809
rufa 1 w 16814
Kaup 3 w 16818
Περιστερά 1 w 16828
rock-dove 1 w 16838
Columba 1 w 16846
livia 1 w 16851
L 73 w 16852
domestic 12 w 16862
rock-dove 2 w 16871
C 55 w 16873
livia 2 w 16879
domestica 2 w 16888
L 74 w 16889
Τροχίλος 1 w 16898
Egyptian 1 w 16907
plover 1 w 16913
Pluvianus 1 w 16923
aegyptius 1 w 16932
Viell 1 w 16937
elsewhere 1 w 16948
also 10 w 16952
the 286 w 16955
common 10 w 16961
European 5 w 16969
wren 1 w 16973
Troglodytes 1 w 16985
troglodytes 1 w 16996
L 75 w 16997
Χελιδών 1 w 17005
swallow 2 w 17013
including 6 w 17023
the 287 w 17026
chimney 1 w 17033
swallow 3 w 17040
Chelidon 1 w 17049
rustica 1 w 17056
L 76 w 17057
and 128 w 17062
the 288 w 17065
house-martin 2 w 17077
Chelidon 2 w 17086
urbica 1 w 17092
Boie 1 w 17096
Χήν 1 w 17101
as 99 w 17104
a 1250 w 17105
wild 6 w 17109
type 4 w 17113
the 289 w 17117
gray 1 w 17121
or 163 w 17123
graylag 1 w 17130
goose 1 w 17135
Anser 1 w 17141
cinereus 1 w 17149
Meyer 1 w 17154
and 129 w 17158
the 290 w 17161
bean 1 w 17165
goose 2 w 17170
Anser 2 w 17176
segetum 1 w 17183
Bonn 1 w 17187
often 3 w 17195
the 291 w 17198
domestic 14 w 17206
type 5 w 17210
of 129 w 17212
the 292 w 17215
gray 3 w 17219
goose 3 w 17224
Ψάρ 1 w 17228
starling 1 w 17237
Sturnus 1 w 17245
vulgaris 3 w 17253
L 77 w 17254
Ψιττακός 1 w 17263
parrot 1 w 17270
perhaps 1 w 17278
esp 9 w 17281
Psittacus 1 w 17291
alexandri 1 w 17300
L 78 w 17301
and 131 w 17305
P 52 w 17306
torquatus 1 w 17316
Gm 3 w 17318
Ὠτίς 1 w 17323
bustard 1 w 17331
Otis 1 w 17336
tarda 1 w 17341
L 79 w 17342
Ὦτος 1 w 17347
a 1269 w 17349
horned 3 w 17355
or 166 w 17357
eared 3 w 17362
owl 1 w 17365
not 25 w 17369
more 5 w 17373
specifically 2 w 17385
identifiable 1 w 17397
3 34 w 17399
REPTILES 1 w 17408
AND 1 w 17411
AMPHIBIA 1 w 17419
Βάτραχος 1 w 17427
frog 2 w 17432
Rana 1 w 17437
sp 27 w 17439
and 132 w 17443
allied 1 w 17449
genera 1 w 17455
Κροκόδειλος 1 w 17467
Nile 2 w 17472
crocodile 1 w 17481
Crocodilus 1 w 17492
niloticus 1 w 17501
Laur 1 w 17505
Ὄφις 1 w 17510
serpent 1 w 17518
generically 2 w 17529
Χαμαιλέων 1 w 17539
the 293 w 17543
African 1 w 17550
chameleon 1 w 17559
Chameleo 1 w 17568
vulgaris 4 w 17576
Latr 1 w 17580
Χελώνη 1 w 17587
χερσαία 1 w 17595
tortoise 1 w 17605
Testudo 1 w 17613
graeca 2 w 17619
L 83 w 17620
and 133 w 17624
Τ 4 w 17625
marginata 1 w 17635
Schoepff 1 w 17643
θαλαττία 1 w 17654
sea-turtle 1 w 17666
Thalassochelys 1 w 17681
corticata 1 w 17690
Rondel 1 w 17696
4 29 w 17698
FISHES 2 w 17705
Ἁλιεύς 1 w 17711
fishing-frog 1 w 17724
Lophius 1 w 17732
piscatorius 1 w 17743
L 85 w 17744
Ἀλώπηξ 2 w 17751
fox-shark 1 w 17761
Alopecias 1 w 17771
vulpes 1 w 17777
Bp 1 w 17779
Ἀμία 1 w 17784
bonito 1 w 17791
more 6 w 17796
esp 10 w 17799
the 294 w 17803
pelamid 1 w 17810
or 172 w 17812
belted 1 w 17818
bonito 2 w 17824
Sarda 1 w 17830
sarda 1 w 17835
Cuv 2 w 17838
to 123 w 17842
a 1304 w 17843
lesser 3 w 17849
degree 3 w 17855
the 295 w 17858
bonito 3 w 17864
or 173 w 17866
striped-bellied 1 w 17881
tunny 1 w 17886
Katsuwonus 1 w 17897
pelamis 1 w 17904
Kish 1 w 17908
Ἀνθίας 1 w 17915
in 270 w 17918
977 1 w 17921
c 375 w 17922
probably 4 w 17930
the 296 w 17933
Mediterranean 1 w 17946
barbier 1 w 17953
Serranus 1 w 17962
anthias 1 w 17969
C 61 w 17970
V 5 w 17972
sometimes 4 w 17983
spoken 1 w 17989
of 130 w 17991
as 103 w 17993
a 1315 w 17994
much 1 w 17998
larger 1 w 18004
fish 8 w 18008
then 5 w 18013
of 131 w 18015
uncertain 1 w 18024
identity 1 w 18032
Βελόνη 1 w 18039
usually 9 w 18047
the 298 w 18050
pipefish 1 w 18058
Syngnathus 1 w 18069
rubescens 1 w 18078
Risso 1 w 18083
and 134 w 18086
S 50 w 18087
acus 2 w 18092
L 86 w 18093
and 135 w 18098
the 299 w 18101
garfish 3 w 18108
Belone 2 w 18115
imperialis 1 w 18125
Vincig 1 w 18131
and 136 w 18135
Strongylura 1 w 18146
acus 3 w 18150
Lacép 1 w 18155
in 273 w 18160
983 1 w 18163
C 62 w 18164
indeterminable 2 w 18178
Γαλεός 1 w 18185
generic 3 w 18193
term 16 w 18197
for 48 w 18200
sharks 1 w 18206
and 137 w 18209
dogfishes 1 w 18218
more 7 w 18223
esp 11 w 18226
Scyllium 1 w 18235
canicula 1 w 18243
Cuv 3 w 18246
S 53 w 18249
catulus 1 w 18257
Cuv 4 w 18260
and 138 w 18265
Mustelus 1 w 18273
vulgaris 5 w 18281
Müll 2 w 18285
Γαλῆ 1 w 18290
principally 1 w 18302
the 300 w 18305
hake 1 w 18309
and 139 w 18312
rockling 1 w 18320
Phycis 1 w 18327
sp 31 w 18329
and 140 w 18333
Motella 1 w 18340
sp 32 w 18342
Γόγγρος 1 w 18350
conger-eel 1 w 18361
Conger 1 w 18368
vulgaris 6 w 18376
Cuv 5 w 18379
Ἔλλοψ 1 w 18385
probably 5 w 18394
mostly 2 w 18400
the 301 w 18403
common 11 w 18409
sturgeon 1 w 18417
Acipenser 1 w 18427
sturio 1 w 18433
L 88 w 18434
Ἡγεμών 1 w 18441
usually 10 w 18449
the 302 w 18452
pilot-fish 1 w 18462
Naucrates 1 w 18472
ductor 1 w 18478
Cuv 6 w 18481
in 278 w 18485
980 2 w 18488
F 31 w 18489
apparently 2 w 18499
also 11 w 18503
one 25 w 18506
of 132 w 18508
the 303 w 18511
globe-fishes 1 w 18523
such 7 w 18528
as 104 w 18530
Diodon 1 w 18536
hystrix 1 w 18543
L 89 w 18544
Θρίσσα 1 w 18551
probably 6 w 18560
the 304 w 18563
shad 1 w 18567
Alosa 1 w 18573
vulgaris 7 w 18581
C 68 w 18582
V 7 w 18584
or 177 w 18588
the 305 w 18591
sardinelle 1 w 18601
Sardinella 1 w 18612
aurita 1 w 18618
C 69 w 18619
V 8 w 18621
Θύννος 1 w 18628
tunny 2 w 18634
mostly 3 w 18641
the 306 w 18644
common 12 w 18650
tunny 3 w 18655
Thunnus 1 w 18663
thynnus 1 w 18670
L 90 w 18671
Ἱερός 1 w 18677
sacred 3 w 18684
an 272 w 18687
epithet 1 w 18694
applied 1 w 18701
to 126 w 18703
several 3 w 18710
fish 14 w 18714
more 8 w 18719
especially 1 w 18729
the 308 w 18732
Ἀμθίας 1 w 18738
the 309 w 18742
gilthead 1 w 18750
the 311 w 18754
sturgeon 2 w 18762
the 312 w 18766
dolphin 28 w 18773
and 141 w 18777
the 313 w 18780
pilotfish 1 w 18789
Ἰουλίς 1 w 18796
rainbow-wrasse 1 w 18811
Coris 1 w 18817
iulis 1 w 18822
Gth 1 w 18825
Κεστρεύς 1 w 18834
the 314 w 18838
gray 4 w 18842
mullet 5 w 18848
in 283 w 18850
general 1 w 18857
sometimes 5 w 18867
the 315 w 18870
common 13 w 18876
gray 5 w 18880
mullet 6 w 18886
Mugil 1 w 18892
capito 1 w 18898
Cuv 7 w 18901
in 284 w 18905
particular 2 w 18915
Κῆτος 3 w 18921
sometimes 6 w 18931
a 1375 w 18932
large 3 w 18937
sea 24 w 18940
monster 1 w 18947
as 106 w 18950
in 285 w 18952
981 1 w 18955
D 26 w 18956
in 286 w 18960
other 14 w 18965
authors 1 w 18972
sometimes 7 w 18981
a 1380 w 18982
huge 1 w 18986
fish 16 w 18990
such 8 w 18995
as 107 w 18997
a 1382 w 18998
large 4 w 19003
tunny 4 w 19008
but 16 w 19013
more 9 w 19017
commonly 2 w 19025
and 142 w 19029
usually 11 w 19036
in 287 w 19038
Plutarch 6 w 19046
a 1387 w 19048
whale 2 w 19053
Κολίας 1 w 19060
coly-mackerel 1 w 19074
Pneumatophorus 1 w 19089
colias 1 w 19095
Gm 4 w 19097
Κωβιός 1 w 19104
goby 1 w 19109
chiefly 3 w 19117
the 317 w 19120
black 3 w 19125
goby 2 w 19129
Gobius 1 w 19136
niger 1 w 19141
L 91 w 19142
Λάβραξ 1 w 19149
sea-bass 1 w 19158
Labrax 1 w 19165
lupus 2 w 19170
Cuv 8 w 19173
Μορμύρος 1 w 19182
type 6 w 19187
of 133 w 19189
sea 26 w 19192
bream 1 w 19197
the 318 w 19201
mormyrus 1 w 19209
Pagellus 1 w 19218
mormyrus 2 w 19226
C 73 w 19227
V 9 w 19229
Μύραινα 1 w 19237
moray 1 w 19243
or 186 w 19245
murry 1 w 19250
Muraena 1 w 19258
helena 1 w 19264
L 93 w 19265
Νάρκη 1 w 19271
torpedo 1 w 19279
or 188 w 19281
electric 1 w 19289
ray 8 w 19292
esp 13 w 19296
Torpedo 1 w 19304
marmorata 1 w 19313
Risso 2 w 19318
less 7 w 19323
commonly 3 w 19331
Τ 5 w 19332
narce 1 w 19338
Nardo 1 w 19343
and 143 w 19346
Τ 6 w 19347
hebetans 1 w 19356
Löwe 1 w 19360
Περαίας 1 w 19368
a 1412 w 19370
type 7 w 19374
of 134 w 19376
gray 6 w 19380
mullet 7 w 19386
Mugil 2 w 19392
sp 35 w 19394
Πηλαμύς 1 w 19404
year-old 1 w 19413
tunny 5 w 19418
see 24 w 19422
Θύννος 2 w 19428
Σαργός 1 w 19436
sargue 1 w 19443
esp 14 w 19447
Sargus 1 w 19454
vulgaris 8 w 19462
Geoff 1 w 19467
Σκάρος 1 w 19474
parrot-fish 1 w 19486
Scarus 1 w 19493
cretensis 1 w 19502
C 74 w 19503
V 10 w 19505
Σκορίος 1 w 19513
sculpin 1 w 19521
Scorpaena 1 w 19531
scrofa 3 w 19537
L 95 w 19538
and 144 w 19542
S 58 w 19543
porcus 1 w 19550
L 96 w 19551
Τρίγλα 1 w 19558
the 319 w 19562
red 20 w 19565
or 193 w 19567
plain 2 w 19572
surmullet 5 w 19581
Mullus 1 w 19588
barbatus 1 w 19596
L 97 w 19597
and 145 w 19602
the 320 w 19605
striped 2 w 19612
or 194 w 19614
common 16 w 19620
surmullet 6 w 19629
Μ 5 w 19631
surmuletus 1 w 19642
L 98 w 19643
Φυκίς 1 w 19649
a 1428 w 19651
wrasse 2 w 19657
probably 7 w 19666
specifically 3 w 19678
Crenilabrus 1 w 19689
pavo 1 w 19693
C 76 w 19694
V 11 w 19696
Χρυσωρός 1 w 19705
gilthead 2 w 19714
Chrysophrys 1 w 19726
aurata 1 w 19732
C 78 w 19733
V 12 w 19735
5 27 w 19737
MOLLUSCS 1 w 19746
Κόγχη 1 w 19751
mussels 1 w 19759
in 290 w 19761
general 2 w 19768
including 7 w 19778
oysters 1 w 19785
Λαγωός 3 w 19792
θαλάττιος 1 w 19802
sea-hare 2 w 19812
Aplysia 1 w 19820
depilans 1 w 19828
L 101 w 19829
Ὄστρεον 1 w 19837
sometimes 8 w 19847
a 1443 w 19848
generic 4 w 19855
term 17 w 19859
for 49 w 19862
mussels 2 w 19869
more 10 w 19874
commonly 4 w 19882
a 1444 w 19883
specific 6 w 19891
term 18 w 19895
for 50 w 19898
the 322 w 19901
common 18 w 19907
European 6 w 19915
oyster 2 w 19921
Ostrea 1 w 19928
edulis 1 w 19934
L 102 w 19935
occasionally 1 w 19949
a 1449 w 19950
term 19 w 19954
for 51 w 19957
other 15 w 19962
species 1 w 19969
of 137 w 19971
oyster 3 w 19977
such 9 w 19982
as 112 w 19984
O 29 w 19985
lamellosa 1 w 19995
Brocchi 1 w 20002
and 146 w 20005
O 30 w 20006
cristata 1 w 20015
Lam 1 w 20018
Πίννη 1 w 20024
pinna 1 w 20030
especially 2 w 20041
Pinna 1 w 20046
nobilis 1 w 20053
L 104 w 20054
but 17 w 20059
also 12 w 20063
P 60 w 20064
rudis 1 w 20070
L 105 w 20071
P 61 w 20074
rotundata 1 w 20084
L 106 w 20085
and 147 w 20090
P 62 w 20091
pectinata 1 w 20101
L 107 w 20102
Πολύπους 1 w 20111
octopus 1 w 20119
Octopus 1 w 20127
vulgaris 9 w 20135
Lam 2 w 20138
Πορφύρα 1 w 20146
purplefish 1 w 20157
Murex 1 w 20163
trunculus 1 w 20172
L 109 w 20173
Μ 6 w 20176
brandaris 1 w 20186
L 110 w 20187
and 149 w 20192
Thais 1 w 20197
haemastoma 1 w 20207
Lam 3 w 20210
Σηπία 1 w 20216
cuttlefish 1 w 20227
Sepia 1 w 20233
officinalis 1 w 20244
L 112 w 20245
6 33 w 20247
CRUSTACEA 1 w 20257
Κάραβος 1 w 20264
rock 5 w 20269
lobster 1 w 20276
Palinurus 1 w 20286
vulgaris 10 w 20294
Latr 2 w 20298
Καρκίνος 1 w 20307
crab 1 w 20312
Decapoda 1 w 20321
brachyura 1 w 20330
Lam 4 w 20333
Πάγουρος 1 w 20342
probably 8 w 20351
the 324 w 20354
common 19 w 20360
edible 1 w 20366
crab 2 w 20370
Cancer 1 w 20377
pagurus 1 w 20384
L 115 w 20385
Πιννοτήρης 1 w 20396
pinna-guard 1 w 20408
Pinnoteres 1 w 20419
veterum 1 w 20426
L 116 w 20427
Σπογγοτήρης 1 w 20439
sponge-guard 1 w 20452
Typton 1 w 20459
spongicola 1 w 20469
Costa 1 w 20474
7 23 w 20476
INSECTS 1 w 20484
AND 2 w 20487
SPIDERS 1 w 20494
Ἀράχνης 1 w 20501
spider 1 w 20508
class 1 w 20514
Arachnoidea 1 w 20525
order 1 w 20531
Araneida 1 w 20539
Μέλιττα 1 w 20548
bee 7 w 20552
generically 3 w 20563
but 18 w 20567
mostly 4 w 20573
domestic 15 w 20581
honeybee 1 w 20589
Apis 1 w 20594
mellifera 1 w 20603
L 117 w 20604
Μύρμηξ 1 w 20611
ant 17 w 20615
generically 4 w 20626
family 1 w 20633
Formicidae 1 w 20643
Τέττιξ 1 w 20651
cicada 1 w 20658
esp 16 w 20662
Cicada 1 w 20669
plebeia 1 w 20676
Scop 1 w 20680
and 150 w 20684
C 86 w 20685
orni 2 w 20690
L 118 w 20691
8 18 w 20693
ECHINODERMS 1 w 20705
Ἀστήρ 1 w 20710
starfish 1 w 20719
generically 5 w 20730
Asterias 1 w 20739
sp 45 w 20741
Ἐχῖνος 1 w 20748
θαλάττιος 2 w 20758
sea-urchin 1 w 20770
especially 3 w 20781
Echinus 1 w 20788
esculentus 1 w 20798
Lam 5 w 20801
and 151 w 20805
Strongylocentrotus 1 w 20823
lividus 1 w 20830
Brdt 1 w 20834
9 30 w 20836
PORIFERA 1 w 20845
Σπόγγος 1 w 20852
sponge 2 w 20859
chiefly 4 w 20867
Euspongia 1 w 20876
officinalis 2 w 20887
Bronn 1 w 20892
and 152 w 20896
Hippospongia 1 w 20908
equina 1 w 20914
Schmidt 1 w 20921