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Whether land or sea animals are cleverer (20-24)

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[*] Yet perhaps it is ridiculous for us to make a parade of animals distinguished for learning when Democritus[*] declares that we have been their pupils in matters of fundamental importance: of the spider in weaving and mending, of the swallow in homebuilding, of the sweet-voiced swan and nightingale[*] in our imitation of their song. Further, of the three divisions of medicine,[*] we can discern in animals a generous portion of each; for it is not cure by drugs alone of wrhich they make use. After devouring a serpent tortoises[*] take a dessert of marjoram, and weasels[*] of rue. Dogs[*] purge themselves when bilious by a certain kind of grass. The snake[*] sharpens and restores its fading sight with fennel. When the she-bear comes forth from her lair,[*] the first thing she eats is wild arum[*]; for its acridity opens her gut which has become constricted. At other times, when she suffers from nausea,[*] she resorts to anthills and sits, holding out her tongue all running and juicy with sweet liquor until it is covered with ants; these she swallows[*] and is
alleviated. The Egyptians[*] declare that they have observed and imitated the ibis clyster-like purging of herself with brine; and the priests make use of water from which an ibis has drunk to purify themselves; for if the water is tainted or unhealthy in any way, the ibis will not approach it.

Then, too, some beasts cure themselves by a short fast, like wolves[*] and lions who, when they are surfeited with flesh, lie still for a while, basking in the sun. And they say a tigress, if a kid is given her, will keep fasting for two days without eating; on the third, she grows hungry and asks for some other food. She will even pull her cage to pieces, but will not touch the kid which she has now come to regard as a fellow-boarder and room mate.[*]

Yet again, they relate that elephants employ surgery: they do, in fact, bring aid to the wounded[*] by easily and harmlessly drawing out spears and javelins and arrows without any laceration of the flesh. And Cretan goats,[*] when they eat dittany,[*] easily expel arrows from their bodies and so have presented an easy lesson for women with child to take to heart, that the herb has an abortive property[*]; for there is nothing except dittany that the goats, when they are wounded, rush to search for.

These matters, though wonderful, are less surprising than are those creatures which have cognition of number and can count,[*] as do the cattle near Susa. At that place they irrigate the royal park with water raised in buckets by wheels, and the number of bucketfuls is prescribed. For each cow raises one hundred bucketfuls each day, and more you could not get from her, even if you wanted to use force. In fact, they often try to add to the number to see; but the cow balks and will not continue when once she has delivered her quota, so accurately does she compute and remember the sum, as Ctesias[*] of Cnidus has related.

The Libyans laugh at the Egyptians for telling a fabulous tale about the oryx,[*] that it lets out a cry[*] at that very day and hour when the star rises that they call Sothis,[*] which we call the Dog Star or Sirius. At any rate, when this star rises flush with the sun, practically all the goats turn about and look toward the east; and this is the most certain sign of its return and agrees most exactly with the tables of mathematical calculation.[*]

But that my discourse may add its finishing touch and terminate, let me make the move from the sacred line [*] and say a few words about the divine inspiration and the mantic power of animals.
It is, in fact, no small or ignoble division of divination, but a great and very ancient one, which takes its name from birds[*]; for their quickness of apprehension and their habit of responding to any manifestation, so easily are they diverted, serves as an instrument for the god, who directs their movements, their calls or cries, and their formations which are sometimes contrary, sometimes favouring, as winds are; so that he uses some birds to cut short, others to speed enterprises and inceptions to the destined end. It is for this reason that Euripides[*] calls birds in general heralds of the gods; and, in particular, Socrates[*] says that he considers himself a fellow-slave of the swans. So again, among monarchs Pyrrhus[*] liked to be called an Eagle and Antiochus[*] a Hawk. But when we deride, or rail at, stupid and ignorant people we call them fish. Really, we can produce cases by the thousand of signs and portents manifested to us by the gods through creatures of land and air, but not one such can the advocate for aquatic creatures name.[*] No, they are all deaf and blind[*] so far as foreseeing anything goes, and so have been cast aside into the godless and titanic[*] region, as into a Limbo of the Unblessed, where the rational and intelligent part of the soul has been extinguished. Having, however, only a last remnant
of sensation that is clogged with mud and deluged with water, they seem to be at their last gasp rather than alive.

HERACLEON. Raise your brows, dear Phaedimus, and rouse yourself to defend us the sea folk, the island-dwellers ! This bout of argument has become no childs play, but a hard-fought contest, a debate which lacks only the actual bar and platform.[*]

PHAEDIMUS. Not so, Heracleon, but an ambush laid with malice aforethought has been disclosed. While we are still tipsy and soused from yesterdays bout, this gentleman, as you see, has attacked us with premeditation, cold sober. Yet there can be no begging off. Devotee of Pindar[*] though I am, I do not want to be addressed with the quotation
To excuse oneself when combat is offered
Has consigned valour to deep obscurity;
for we have much leisure[*]; and it is not our discourse that will be idle, but our dogs and horses, our nets and seines of all kinds, for a truce is granted for to-day because of our argument to every creature both on land and sea. Yet do not fear: I shall use it[*] with moderation, introducing no opinions of philosophers or Egyptian fables or unattested tales of Indians or Libyans. But those facts that may be observed
everywhere and have as witnesses the men who exploit the sea and acquire their credit from direct observation, of these I shall present a few. Yet there is nothing to impede illustrations drawn from land animals: the land is wide open for investigation by the senses. The sea, on the other hand, grants us but a few dubious glimpses. She draws a veil over the birth and growth, the attacks and reciprocal defences, of most of her denizens. Among these there are no few feats of intelligence and memory and community spirit that remain unknown to us and so obstruct our argument. Then too, land animals[*] by reason of their close relationship and their cohabitation have to some extent been imbued with human manners; they have the advantage of their breeding and teaching and imitation, which sweetens all their bitterness and sullenness, like fresh water mixed with brine, while their lack of understanding and dullness are roused to life by human contacts. Whereas the life of sea creatures, being set apart by mighty bounds from intercourse with men and having nothing adventitious or acquired from human usage, is peculiar to itself, indigenous, and uncontaminated by foreign ways, not by distinction of Nature, but of location. For their Nature is such as to welcome and retain such instruction as reaches them. This it is that renders many eels tractable, like those that are called sacred in Arethusa[*]; and in many places there are fish which
will respond to their own names,[*] as the story goes of Crassus[*] moray, upon the death of which he wept. And once when Domitius[*] said to him, Isnt it true that you wept when a moray died ? he answered, Isnt it true that you buried three wives and didnt weep ?

The priests crocodiles[*] not only recognize the voice of those who summon them and allow themselves to be handled, but open their mouths to let their teeth be cleaned by hand and wiped with towels. Recently our excellent Philinus came back from a trip to Egypt and told us that he had seen in Antaeopolis an old woman sleeping on a low bed beside a crocodile, which was stretched out beside her in a perfectly decorous way.

They have long been telling the tale that when King Ptolemy[*] summoned the sacred crocodile and it would not heed him or obey in spite of his entreaties and requests, it seemed to the priests an omen of his death, which came about not long after; whence it appears that the race of water creatures is not wholly unendowed with your precious gift of divination.[*] Indeed, I have heard that near Sura,[*] a village in Lycia between Phellus and Myra, men sit and watch the gyrations and flights and pursuits of fish and
divine from them by a professional and rational system, as others do with birds.

But let these examples suffice to show that sea animals are not entirely unrelated to us or cut off from human fellowship. Of their uncontaminated and native intelligence their caution is strong evidence. For nothing that swims and does not merely stick or cling to rocks is easily taken or captured without trouble by man as are asses by wolves, bees by bee-eaters,[*] cicadas by swallows, and snakes by deer, which easily attract them.[*] This, in fact, is why deer are called elaphoi, not from their swiftness,[*] but from their power of attracting snakes.[*] So too the ram draws the wolf by stamping and they say that very many creatures, and particularly apes, are attracted to the panther by their pleasure in its scent.[*] But in practically all sea-creatures any sensation is suspect and evokes an intelligently inspired defensive reaction against attack, so that fishing has been rendered no simple or trivial task, but needs all manner of implements and clever and deceitful tricks to use against the fish.

This is perfectly clear from ready examples: no one wants to have an angler s rod too thick, though it needs elasticity to withstand the thrashing of such fish as are caught; men select, rather, a slender rod so that it may not cast a broad shadow and arouse suspicion.[*] In the next place, they do not thicken
the line with many plies when they attach the loop and do not make it rough; for this, too, betrays the lure to the fish. They also contrive that the hairs which form the leader shall be as white as possible; for in this way they are less conspicuous in the sea because of the similarity of colour. The remark of the Poet[*]:
Like lead she[*] sank into the great sea depths,
Like lead infixed in hora of rustic ox
Which brings destruction to the ravenous fish -
some misunderstand this and imagine that the ancients used ox-hair for their lines, alleging that keras [*] means hair and for this reason keirasthai means to have ones hair cut and koura is a haircut [*] and the keroplastes [*] in Archilochus[*] is one who is fond of trimming and beautifying the hair. But this is not so: they use horse-hair which they take from males, for mares by wetting the hair with their urine make it weak.[*] Aristarchus[*] declares that there is nothing erudite or subtle in these lines; the fact is that a small piece of horn was attached to the line in front of the hook, since the fish, when they are confronted by anything else, chew the line
in two.[*] They use rounded hooks[*] to catch mullets and bonitos, whose mouths are small[*]; for they are wary of a broader hook. Often, indeed, the mullet suspects even a rounded hook and swims around it, flipping the bait with its tail and snatching up bits it has dislodged; or if it cannot do this, it closes its mouth and purses it up and with the tips of its lips nibbles away at the bait.[*]

The sea-bass is braver than your elephant[*]: it is not from another, but from himself without assistance, that he extracts the barb when he is caught by the hook; he swings his head from side to side to widen the wound, enduring the pain of tearing his flesh until he can throw off the hook.[*] The fox-shark[*] does not often approach the hook and shuns the lure; but if he is caught, he immediately turns himself inside out, for by reason of the elasticity and flexibility of his body he can naturally shift and twist it about, so that when he is inside out, the hook falls away.

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The 10 w 8461
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She 2 w 8514
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Then 2 w 8717
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Cf 17 w 8734
Pliny 7 w 8740
Nat 21 w 8744
Hist 13 w 8749
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Pliny 8 w 9529
Nat 25 w 9533
Hist 14 w 9538
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Aelian 16 w 9551
De 19 w 9554
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Animal 21 w 9566
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Animal 22 w 9670
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Pliny 9 w 9865
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Hist 15 w 9874
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Pliny 11 w 10926
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Hist 17 w 10935
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Animal 23 w 10993
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Pliny 12 w 11006
Nat 32 w 11010
Hist 18 w 11015
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Natura 21 w 12131
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Elegy 1 w 13447
and 116 w 13450
Iambus 1 w 13456
ii 50 w 13459
p 189 w 13461
126 1 w 13465
frag 4 w 13470
57 3 w 13473
Diehl 1 w 13479
Anth 1 w 13484
Lyrica 1 w 13491
i 1020 w 13493
p 190 w 13495
228 2 w 13499
frag 5 w 13504
59 4 w 13507
See 7 w 13511
the 198 w 13514
note 4 w 13518
on 116 w 13520
967 1 w 13523
f 272 w 13524
supra 6 w 13529
is 136 w 13532
one 13 w 13535
who 6 w 13538
is 137 w 13540
fond 1 w 13544
of 88 w 13546
trimming 1 w 13554
and 117 w 13557
beautifying 1 w 13568
the 199 w 13571
hair 8 w 13575
But 6 w 13579
this 12 w 13583
is 139 w 13585
not 32 w 13588
so 45 w 13590
they 20 w 13595
use 17 w 13598
horse-hair 1 w 13608
which 17 w 13613
they 21 w 13617
take 5 w 13621
from 22 w 13625
males 1 w 13630
for 36 w 13634
mares 1 w 13639
by 27 w 13641
wetting 1 w 13648
the 202 w 13651
hair 10 w 13655
with 29 w 13659
their 26 w 13664
urine 1 w 13669
make 6 w 13673
it 109 w 13675
weak 1 w 13679
Cf 24 w 13682
Mor 9 w 13686
915 1 w 13690
f 279 w 13691
916 1 w 13695
a 1107 w 13696
Aristarchus 1 w 13708
Not 3 w 13711
Aristotle 10 w 13720
as 90 w 13723
the 204 w 13726
mss 1 w 13729
read 3 w 13734
See 8 w 13738
Platt 1 w 13743
Class 2 w 13749
Quart 1 w 13755
v 125 w 13757
255 1 w 13761
declares 2 w 13770
that 35 w 13774
there 6 w 13779
is 142 w 13781
nothing 5 w 13788
erudite 1 w 13795
or 118 w 13797
subtle 1 w 13803
in 187 w 13805
these 5 w 13810
lines 3 w 13815
the 207 w 13819
fact 6 w 13823
is 143 w 13825
that 36 w 13829
a 1118 w 13830
small 2 w 13835
piece 2 w 13840
of 89 w 13842
horn 3 w 13846
was 4 w 13849
attached 1 w 13857
to 106 w 13859
the 208 w 13862
line 6 w 13866
in 190 w 13868
front 1 w 13873
of 90 w 13875
the 209 w 13878
hook 1 w 13882
since 2 w 13888
the 210 w 13891
fish 9 w 13895
when 17 w 13900
they 22 w 13904
are 25 w 13907
confronted 1 w 13917
by 28 w 13919
anything 2 w 13927
else 1 w 13931
chew 1 w 13936
the 212 w 13939
line 7 w 13943
in 194 w 13945
two 2 w 13948
The 19 w 13952
section 1 w 13959
of 91 w 13961
horn 4 w 13965
was 5 w 13968
put 2 w 13971
around 1 w 13977
the 213 w 13980
line 8 w 13984
It 5 w 13987
was 6 w 13990
therefore 1 w 13999
a 1128 w 14000
tube 1 w 14004
It 6 w 14007
was 7 w 14010
in 196 w 14012
front 3 w 14017
of 92 w 14019
the 215 w 14022
hook 2 w 14026
as 96 w 14028
one 14 w 14031
held 1 w 14035
it 111 w 14037
in 197 w 14039
his 25 w 14042
hand 4 w 14046
and 119 w 14049
attached 2 w 14057
it 112 w 14059
to 107 w 14061
the 216 w 14064
line 9 w 14068
It 7 w 14071
was 8 w 14074
therefore 2 w 14083
at 192 w 14085
the 218 w 14088
hook 3 w 14092
end 9 w 14095
of 93 w 14097
the 219 w 14100
leader 2 w 14106
Its 1 w 14110
hardness 1 w 14118
prevented 1 w 14127
the 220 w 14130
line 10 w 14134
from 23 w 14138
being 3 w 14143
severed 1 w 14150
Its 2 w 14154
neutral 1 w 14161
coloration 1 w 14171
prevented 2 w 14180
the 221 w 14183
fish 10 w 14187
from 24 w 14191
being 4 w 14196
frightened 1 w 14206
off 4 w 14209
Note 1 w 14214
that 37 w 14218
Oppian 3 w 14224
Hal 1 w 14228
iii 17 w 14232
147 1 w 14236
comments 1 w 14245
on 126 w 14247
the 222 w 14250
use 18 w 14253
of 95 w 14255
a 1144 w 14256
hook 4 w 14260
with 30 w 14264
an 246 w 14266
abnormally 1 w 14276
long 3 w 14280
shank 1 w 14285
for 39 w 14288
the 223 w 14291
same 2 w 14295
purpose 1 w 14302
Andrews 1 w 14310
They 4 w 14316
use 19 w 14319
rounded 1 w 14326
hooks 1 w 14331
A 97 w 14332
prototype 1 w 14341
of 96 w 14343
the 224 w 14346
Sobey 1 w 14351
hook 6 w 14355
to 109 w 14358
catch 1 w 14363
mullets 1 w 14370
and 120 w 14373
bonitos 1 w 14380
whose 1 w 14386
mouths 2 w 14392
are 26 w 14395
small 3 w 14400
See 9 w 14403
Thompson 5 w 14411
on 130 w 14413
Aristotle 11 w 14422
Historia 9 w 14431
Animal 29 w 14437
ix 14 w 14440
37 3 w 14443
621 1 w 14447
a 1156 w 14448
19 6 w 14450
Mair 3 w 14456
on 131 w 14458
Oppian 4 w 14464
Hal 2 w 14468
iii 18 w 14472
144 1 w 14476
for 40 w 14481
they 23 w 14485
are 27 w 14488
wary 1 w 14492
of 97 w 14494
a 1162 w 14495
broader 1 w 14502
hook 7 w 14506
Often 1 w 14512
indeed 1 w 14519
the 226 w 14523
mullet 2 w 14529
suspects 1 w 14537
even 5 w 14541
a 1164 w 14542
rounded 2 w 14549
hook 8 w 14553
and 121 w 14556
swims 2 w 14561
around 2 w 14567
it 115 w 14569
flipping 1 w 14578
the 227 w 14581
bait 1 w 14585
with 31 w 14589
its 10 w 14592
tail 2 w 14596
and 122 w 14599
snatching 1 w 14608
up 11 w 14610
bits 1 w 14614
it 120 w 14616
has 14 w 14619
dislodged 1 w 14628
or 128 w 14631
if 17 w 14633
it 121 w 14635
cannot 1 w 14641
do 18 w 14643
this 13 w 14647
it 122 w 14650
closes 1 w 14656
its 12 w 14659
mouth 3 w 14664
and 123 w 14667
purses 1 w 14673
it 124 w 14675
up 12 w 14677
and 124 w 14680
with 32 w 14684
the 228 w 14687
tips 2 w 14691
of 98 w 14693
its 13 w 14696
lips 1 w 14700
nibbles 1 w 14707
away 1 w 14711
at 197 w 14713
the 229 w 14716
bait 2 w 14720
Cf 25 w 14723
Pliny 14 w 14729
Nat 37 w 14733
Hist 23 w 14738
ix 15 w 14741
145 1 w 14745
Oppian 5 w 14752
Hal 3 w 14756
iii 19 w 14760
524 1 w 14764
ff 7 w 14766
The 21 w 14770
sea-bass 1 w 14778
is 152 w 14780
braver 1 w 14786
than 4 w 14790
your 4 w 14794
elephant 2 w 14802
Cf 26 w 14804
974 1 w 14808
d 478 w 14809
supra 7 w 14814
it 128 w 14818
is 153 w 14820
not 35 w 14823
from 25 w 14827
another 1 w 14834
but 15 w 14838
from 26 w 14842
himself 2 w 14849
without 4 w 14856
assistance 1 w 14866
that 38 w 14871
he 326 w 14873
extracts 1 w 14881
the 231 w 14884
barb 2 w 14888
when 18 w 14892
he 329 w 14894
is 155 w 14896
caught 2 w 14902
by 29 w 14904
the 232 w 14907
hook 9 w 14911
he 331 w 14914
swings 1 w 14920
his 27 w 14923
head 1 w 14927
from 27 w 14931
side 5 w 14935
to 113 w 14937
side 6 w 14941
to 114 w 14943
widen 1 w 14948
the 233 w 14951
wound 4 w 14956
enduring 1 w 14965
the 234 w 14968
pain 1 w 14972
of 99 w 14974
tearing 1 w 14981
his 28 w 14984
flesh 3 w 14989
until 2 w 14994
he 335 w 14996
can 7 w 14999
throw 1 w 15004
off 5 w 15007
the 235 w 15010
hook 10 w 15014
Cf 27 w 15017
Aelian 24 w 15024
De 26 w 15027
Natura 22 w 15033
Animal 30 w 15039
i 1135 w 15041
40 4 w 15044
of 101 w 15047
the 236 w 15050
tunny 1 w 15055
Ovid 1 w 15060
Hal 4 w 15064
39 2 w 15067
f 321 w 15068
and 125 w 15072
Oppian 6 w 15078
Hal 5 w 15082
iii 20 w 15086
128 1 w 15090
ff 9 w 15092
of 102 w 15096
the 237 w 15099
bass 2 w 15103
The 22 w 15107
fox-shark 1 w 15116
Plutarch 2 w 15124
seems 2 w 15129
here 14 w 15133
to 115 w 15135
have 14 w 15139
confused 1 w 15147
this 14 w 15151
fish 11 w 15155
with 34 w 15159
the 238 w 15162
so-called 1 w 15171
scolopendra 1 w 15182
of 103 w 15185
which 18 w 15190
he 342 w 15192
writes 1 w 15198
correctly 1 w 15207
in 210 w 15209
Mor 10 w 15212
567 1 w 15216
b 200 w 15217
see 16 w 15221
also 7 w 15225
Mair 4 w 15229
on 133 w 15231
Oppian 7 w 15237
Hal 6 w 15241
ii 59 w 15244
424 1 w 15248
Cf 28 w 15252
Aristotle 12 w 15262
Historia 10 w 15271
Animal 31 w 15277
ix 16 w 15280
37 4 w 15283
621 2 w 15287
a 1219 w 15288
11 8 w 15290
Aelian 25 w 15298
De 27 w 15301
Natura 23 w 15307
Animal 32 w 15313
ix 17 w 15316
12 11 w 15319
Varia 1 w 15325
Hist 25 w 15329
i 1161 w 15331
5 48 w 15333
Mair 5 w 15338
on 134 w 15340
Oppian 8 w 15346
Hal 7 w 15350
iii 21 w 15354
144 2 w 15358
Pliny 15 w 15364
Nat 40 w 15368
Hist 26 w 15373
ix 18 w 15376
145 2 w 15380
There 2 w 15386
are 28 w 15389
fish 12 w 15393
but 16 w 15397
not 37 w 15400
sharks 1 w 15406
which 19 w 15412
can 8 w 15415
disgorge 1 w 15423
their 27 w 15428
stomachs 1 w 15436
and 126 w 15439
swallow 5 w 15446
them 11 w 15450
again 5 w 15455
Note 2 w 15460
that 39 w 15464
hasty 1 w 15469
reading 1 w 15476
of 104 w 15478
Aristotle 13 w 15487
l 554 w 15488
c 369 w 15490
could 2 w 15496
easily 6 w 15502
cause 4 w 15507
this 15 w 15511
misstatement 1 w 15523
Andrews 2 w 15531
does 4 w 15537
not 38 w 15540
often 2 w 15545
approach 2 w 15553
the 241 w 15556
hook 11 w 15560
and 127 w 15563
shuns 1 w 15568
the 242 w 15571
lure 2 w 15575
but 17 w 15579
if 18 w 15581
he 348 w 15583
is 169 w 15585
caught 3 w 15591
he 349 w 15594
immediately 1 w 15605
turns 1 w 15610
himself 3 w 15617
inside 1 w 15623
out 19 w 15626
for 41 w 15630
by 30 w 15632
reason 4 w 15638
of 106 w 15640
the 243 w 15643
elasticity 2 w 15653
and 128 w 15656
flexibility 1 w 15667
of 107 w 15669
his 31 w 15672
body 1 w 15676
he 351 w 15678
can 9 w 15681
naturally 1 w 15690
shift 2 w 15695
and 129 w 15698
twist 1 w 15703
it 134 w 15705
about 6 w 15710
so 50 w 15713
that 40 w 15717
when 19 w 15721
he 353 w 15723
is 172 w 15725
inside 2 w 15731
out 21 w 15734
the 244 w 15738
hook 12 w 15742
falls 1 w 15747
away 2 w 15751