Scaife ATLAS

On the Principle of Cold (4-7)

urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg127.perseus-eng3:4-7

Refs	`{'start': {'reference': '4', 'human_reference': 'Section 4'}, 'end': {'reference': '7', 'human_reference': 'Section 7'}}`
Ancestors	`[]`
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Furthermore, we find that cold can be perceived

as well as heat; but mere negation cannot be seen or heard or touched or recognized by the other senses. Perception, in fact, must be of something existent; but where nothing existent is observed, privation may be inferred, being the negation of existence, as blindness is of sight, silence of sound, void and emptiness of matter. We cannot perceive a void by touch; but where no matter can be touched, void is inferred. Nor can we hear silence; yet, even though we hear nothing, we infer silence. Nor, in the same way, is sense active when things are unseen or bare[*]; there is, rather, inference from the negation of perception. If, therefore, cold were a privation of warmth, we ought not to be able to feel it, but only to infer it from the deficiency in warmth; but if cold is perceived by the contraction and condensation of our flesh (just as heat is by the warming and loosening of it), clearly there is some special first principle and source of coldness, just as there is of heat.

And yet another point: privation of any sort is something simple and uncomplicated, whereas substances have many differences and powers. Silence, for example, is of only one kind, while sound varies, sometimes annoying, at other times delighting, the perception. Both colours and figures show the same variation, for they produce different effects on different occasions when they meet the eye; but that which cannot be touched and is without colour or any quality whatever, admits no difference, but is always the same.

Is cold, then, so like this sort of privation that

it produces no effects that differ ? Or is the contrary true: Do not great and useful pleasures accrue to our bodies from the presence of cold, as well as mighty detriments and pains and depressions, before which the heat does not always depart and quit the field ? Often, rather, though cut off within, it makes a stand and gives battle. This struggle of hot and cold is called shivering or shaking; and if heat is overcome, freezing and torpor set in; but if cold is defeated, there is diffused through the body a relaxed and pleasantly warm sensation which Homer[*] calls to be aglow. Surely these facts are obvious to everyone; and it is chiefly by these effects that cold is shown to be in opposition to heat, not as a negation or privation, but as one substance or one state[*] to another: it is not a mere destruction or abolition of heat, but a positive substance or force. Otherwise we might just as well exclude winter from the list of seasons or the northerly blasts from that of winds, on the pretext that they are only a deficiency of hot weather or southerly gales and have no proper origin of their own.

Furthermore, given four primary bodies in the universe[*] which, because of their quantity, simplicity, and potentiality, most judges regard as being the elements or first principles of everything else - I mean fire, water, air, and earth - the number of primary, simple qualities must be the same. And what should these be but warmth and cold, dryness

and moisture, which by their very nature cause all the elements to act and be acted upon?[*] Just as in grammar we have elements long and short and in music elements high and low in pitch - and in neither case is one element merely a negation of the other - so also in physical bodies we must assume an elementary opposition of wet to dry and cold to hot, and in this way we shall be faithful both to logic and to experience. Or are we, as old Anaximenes[*] maintained, to leave neither hot nor cold in the realm of being, but to treat them as states belonging equally to any matter and occurring as a result of changes within it ? He affirms, in fact, that anything which undergoes contraction and condensation of matter is cold, while anything that suffers rarefaction and distention - this comes close to his own phrasing - is hot. So there is no contradiction in the remark that the man blew both hot and cold,[*] for breath grows cold when it is compressed and condensed by the lips; but when it is expelled from the mouth left slack, it becomes hot through rarefaction. Aristotle,[*] however, holds that in this Anaximenes was mistaken: when the mouth is slack, what is exhaled is warm air from our own bodies; but when we compress the lips and blow, it is not air from ourselves, but the cold air in front of the mouth that is propelled forward and makes contact.

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also	1	w	3305
in	51	w	3307
physical	1	w	3315
bodies	3	w	3321
we	14	w	3323
must	3	w	3327
assume	1	w	3333
an	53	w	3335
elementary	1	w	3345
opposition	2	w	3355
of	31	w	3357
wet	1	w	3360
to	18	w	3362
dry	2	w	3365
and	32	w	3368
cold	11	w	3372
to	19	w	3374
hot	4	w	3377
and	33	w	3381
in	52	w	3383
this	2	w	3387
way	4	w	3390
we	16	w	3392
shall	1	w	3397
be	22	w	3399
faithful	1	w	3407
both	1	w	3411
to	20	w	3413
logic	1	w	3418
and	34	w	3421
to	21	w	3423
experience	1	w	3433
Or	2	w	3436
are	7	w	3439
we	17	w	3441
as	22	w	3444
old	12	w	3447
Anaximenes	1	w	3457
Diels-Kranz	2	w	3468
Frag	2	w	3473
der	2	w	3477
Vorsok	2	w	3483
5	8	w	3485
i	244	w	3487
p	61	w	3489
95	2	w	3492
cf	3	w	3495
Diller	1	w	3502
Hermes	1	w	3509
lxvii	1	w	3515
pp	5	w	3518
35	2	w	3521
f	103	w	3522
maintained	1	w	3533
to	22	w	3536
leave	1	w	3541
neither	2	w	3548
hot	5	w	3551
nor	2	w	3554
cold	12	w	3558
in	55	w	3560
the	62	w	3563
realm	1	w	3568
of	32	w	3570
being	3	w	3575
but	14	w	3579
to	23	w	3581
treat	1	w	3586
them	2	w	3590
as	23	w	3592
states	1	w	3598
belonging	1	w	3607
equally	1	w	3614
to	24	w	3616
any	4	w	3619
matter	3	w	3625
and	35	w	3628
occurring	1	w	3637
as	24	w	3639
a	250	w	3640
result	1	w	3646
of	33	w	3648
changes	1	w	3655
within	2	w	3661
it	28	w	3663
He	3	w	3666
affirms	1	w	3673
in	60	w	3676
fact	3	w	3680
that	9	w	3685
anything	1	w	3693
which	7	w	3698
undergoes	1	w	3707
contraction	2	w	3718
and	36	w	3721
condensation	2	w	3733
of	34	w	3735
matter	4	w	3741
is	36	w	3743
cold	13	w	3747
while	2	w	3753
anything	2	w	3761
that	10	w	3765
suffers	1	w	3772
rarefaction	1	w	3783
and	37	w	3786
distention	1	w	3796
this	3	w	3801
comes	1	w	3806
close	1	w	3811
to	25	w	3813
his	6	w	3816
own	3	w	3819
phrasing	1	w	3827
is	40	w	3830
hot	6	w	3833
So	1	w	3836
there	6	w	3841
is	41	w	3843
no	24	w	3845
contradiction	1	w	3858
in	64	w	3860
the	65	w	3863
remark	1	w	3869
that	11	w	3873
the	66	w	3876
man	2	w	3879
blew	1	w	3883
both	2	w	3887
hot	7	w	3890
and	38	w	3893
cold	14	w	3897
See	3	w	3901
Aesop	1	w	3906
s	245	w	3908
Fables	1	w	3914
no	25	w	3917
60	2	w	3920
in	65	w	3922
Chambry	1	w	3929
s	247	w	3931
Bude	1	w	3935
edition	1	w	3942
vol	1	w	3946
i	281	w	3948
pp	6	w	3951
131	1	w	3955
ff	14	w	3957
where	4	w	3965
the	67	w	3968
satyr	1	w	3973
renounces	1	w	3982
friendship	1	w	3992
with	4	w	3996
the	68	w	3999
man	3	w	4002
because	2	w	4009
the	69	w	4012
latter	1	w	4018
blows	1	w	4023
both	3	w	4027
hot	8	w	4030
and	39	w	4033
cold	15	w	4037
through	3	w	4044
the	70	w	4047
same	5	w	4051
mouth	1	w	4056
for	8	w	4060
breath	1	w	4066
grows	1	w	4071
cold	16	w	4075
when	4	w	4079
it	31	w	4081
is	42	w	4083
compressed	1	w	4093
and	40	w	4096
condensed	1	w	4105
by	9	w	4107
the	71	w	4110
lips	1	w	4114
but	15	w	4118
when	5	w	4122
it	32	w	4124
is	43	w	4126
expelled	1	w	4134
from	6	w	4138
the	72	w	4141
mouth	2	w	4146
left	1	w	4150
slack	1	w	4155
it	33	w	4158
becomes	1	w	4165
hot	9	w	4168
through	4	w	4175
rarefaction	2	w	4186
Aristotle	1	w	4196
Probably	1	w	4205
cf	4	w	4208
the	73	w	4212
note	1	w	4216
on	57	w	4218
950	1	w	4221
b	76	w	4222
infra	2	w	4227
Problemata	1	w	4238
xxxiv	1	w	4244
7	3	w	4246
964	1	w	4250
a	288	w	4251
10	2	w	4253
ff	15	w	4255
contrast	1	w	4266
Plato	1	w	4271
Timaeus	1	w	4279
79	1	w	4282
a-c	1	w	4285
however	1	w	4293
holds	1	w	4299
that	12	w	4303
in	67	w	4305
this	4	w	4309
Anaximenes	2	w	4319
was	1	w	4322
mistaken	1	w	4330
when	6	w	4335
the	74	w	4338
mouth	3	w	4343
is	47	w	4345
slack	2	w	4350
what	3	w	4355
is	48	w	4357
exhaled	1	w	4364
is	49	w	4366
warm	6	w	4370
air	2	w	4373
from	7	w	4377
our	7	w	4380
own	4	w	4383
bodies	4	w	4389
but	16	w	4393
when	7	w	4397
we	19	w	4399
compress	2	w	4407
the	75	w	4410
lips	2	w	4414
and	41	w	4417
blow	2	w	4421
it	34	w	4424
is	50	w	4426
not	17	w	4429
air	3	w	4432
from	8	w	4436
ourselves	1	w	4445
but	17	w	4449
the	76	w	4452
cold	17	w	4456
air	4	w	4459
in	68	w	4461
front	1	w	4466
of	35	w	4468
the	77	w	4471
mouth	4	w	4476
that	13	w	4480
is	51	w	4482
propelled	1	w	4491
forward	1	w	4498
and	42	w	4501
makes	2	w	4506
contact	1	w	4513