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On the Principle of Cold (15-19)

urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg127.perseus-eng3:15-19
Refs {'start': {'reference': '15', 'human_reference': 'Section 15'}, 'end': {'reference': '19', 'human_reference': 'Section 19'}}
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It is reasonable that the lower portion of large rivers should not freeze; for the upper portion, being frozen, does not transmit the exhalation which is, accordingly, shut in and turned back, and so provides heat for the deep waters. A demonstration of this is the fact that when the ice melts again a great quantity of vapour rises from the waters. This is also the reason why the bodies of animals are warmer in the winter, because the heat is driven inwards by the cold from without and they keep it within them.

Now drawing off water and suspending it in the air[*] not only takes away its warmth, but its coldness also; those, therefore, who want a very cold drink take care not to disturb the snowpacks[*] or the wet matter that is formed from them by compression, for movement expels both heat and cold.

That such a function of cold belongs not to air, but to water, may be demonstrated as follows from a fresh

start. In the first place, it is improbable that air, which lies adjacent to the aether[*] and touches and is touched by the revolving fiery substance, should have a force that is contrary to that of aether. For one thing, it is impossible for two substances whose boundaries touch and are contiguous not to be acted upon by each other - and if acted upon, for the weaker not to be contaminated by the force that resides in the stronger. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that Nature has placed side by side destroyer and victim, as though she were the author of strife and dissension, not of union and harmony. She does, indeed, make use of opposites to constitute the universe; yet she does not employ them without a tempering element, or where they will collide. She disposes them rather so that a space is skipped and an inserted strip duly assigned whereby they will not destroy one another, but may enjoy communication and co-operation. And this strip is occupied by air, suffused as it is through a space under the fire[*] between it and water. It makes distribution both ways and receives contributions from both, being itself neither hot nor cold, but a blending and union of the two. When these are so fused, they meet without injury and the fused matter sends forth or takes to itself the opposing extremes[*] without violence.

Then, too, air is everywhere equal; though neither winter nor cold is identical everywhere. It is no accident that some parts of the world are cold and damp, while others are hot and dry; it is due to the existence of a single substance that includes

coldness and wetness in one. The greater part of Africa is hot and without water; while those who have travelled through Scythia, Thrace, and Pontus[*] report that these regions have great lakes or marshes and are traversed by many deep rivers. As for the regions that lie between, those that are near lakes and marshes are especially cold because of the exhalations from the water, Posidonius,[*] then, in affirming that the freshness and moistness of marsh air is the reason for the cold, has done nothing to disturb the plausibility of the argument; he has, rather, made it more plausible. For fresh air would not always seem colder if cold did not take its origin from moisture. So Homer[*] spoke more truly when he affirmed
The river-air blows chill before the dawn,
thereby indicating the source of coldness.

Our senses, moreover, often deceive us and we imagine, when we touch cold garments or cold wool, that we are touching moist objects: this is because wet and cold have a common substance and their natures have a close affinity and relationship. In very cold climates the low temperature often breaks vessels whether they are of bronze or of clay - not, of course, when they are empty, but only when they are full and the water exerts pressure by means of its coldness. Theophrastus,[*] to be sure, declares that the air breaks these vessels, using the liquid as a spike. But take care[*] that there isnt more wit than

truth in such a remark! For if it were so, vessels full of pitch or of milk would more readily be broken by the air.[*]

Water, however, seems to be cold of itself, and primordially so. It is the antithesis, in its coldness, to the heat of fire, just as in its wetness to the dryness of fire, and in its heaviness to the others lightness. To sum up: fire is of a disintegrating and separative nature, while water is adhesive and retentive, holding and gluing together by means of its moistness. Empedocles[*] alluded to this, when, as often as he mentioned them, he termed Fire a Destructive Strife and Water Tenacious Love. For the nourishment of fire is that which can be changed into fire and only things that have affinity and a close relationship to it can be so changed; while its opposites, like water, are not easily changed to fire. Water itself is practically incombustible, and it renders matter such as damp grass and moist timber very hard to consume; the greenness in them produces a dusky, dull flame because, by dint of cold, it struggles against heat as against its natural enemy.

Now you must pursue the subject by comparing these arguments with those of my opponents. For Chrysippus,[*] thinking that the air is primordially cold because it is also dark, merely mentioned those who affirm that water is at a greater distance from the aether[*] than is air; and, wishing to make them some answer, he said, If so, we might as well declare that even earth is primordially cold because it is at the

greatest distance from the aether - tossing off this argument as if it were utterly inadmissible and absurd. But I have a mind to maintain the thesis that earth too is not destitute of probable and convincing arguments, and I shall start with the one that Chrysippus has found most serviceable for air. And what is this ? Why, that it is primordially dark and cold. For if he takes these two pairs of opposing forces and assumes that one must of necessity accompany the other, there are, surely, innumerable oppositions and antipathies between the aether and the earth with which one might suppose this to be consistent. For it is not only opposed as heavy to light and as moving by gravity downwards, not upwards, or as dense to rare or as slow and stable to mobile and active, but as heaviest to lightest and as densest to rarest and, finally, as immovable of itself to self-moving, and as occupying the central position in the universe to revolving forever around a centre. It is not absurd, then, if oppositions so numerous and important carry with them the opposition of cold and heat as well. Yes, Chrysippus may say, but fire is bright. Is not the earth, then, dark ? Why, it is the darkest and most unilluminated of all things. Certainly air is first of all to participate in light; it is instantly altered and when it is saturated, it distributes illumination everywhere, lending itself to light as a body in which to reside. For when the sun arises, as one of the dithyrambic writers[*] has said,
It straightway fills the mighty home of the air-borne winds.
Next the air, moving downward, infuses a part of its brightness into the lakes and the sea, and the depths of the rivers flash brightly,[*] to the extent that air is able to penetrate them. Of all bodies only the earth remains constantly without light, impenetrable to the illumination of sun or moon; yet it is warmed by them and permits the heat to sink in and warm it up to a slight depth. But because it is solid, earth does not give passage to light, but is encircled by light on its surface only, while the inner parts are called Darkness and Chaos and Hades[*] - so that Erebus[*] turns out to be the subterranean and interior darkness. Then, too, the poets tell us that Night was born of Earth[*] and mathematicians demonstrate that night is the shadow of Earth blocking the light of the sun. The air, indeed, is saturated with darkness by the earth, just as it is with light by the sun. The unlighted portion of the air is the area of night, amounting to the space occupied by the earths shadow. This is the reason why men make use of the air out of doors even when it is night, as well as many beasts which do their pasturing in the darkness, since it retains some vestiges of light and dispersed glimmerings of radiance; but the house-bound man who is under a roof is utterly blind and without light inasmuch as there the earth envelops him from all directions. Whole skins, furthermore, and horns of animals do not let light pass through them because of their solidity; yet if sections are sawed off and polished, they become translucent when once the air has been mixed with them. It is also my opinion
that the earth is called black by the poets,[*] whenever they have occasion to do so, because of its murky and lightless characteristics. The result, then, of these considerations is that the much-prized antithesis of light and darkness belongs to earth rather than to air.

This, however, has no relevance to the question under discussion; for it has been shown that there are many cold objects which are bright and many hot which are dull and dark. Yet there are qualities more closely connected that belong to coldness: heaviness, stability, solidity, and resistance to change. Air has no part at all in them, while earth has a greater share in all of them than water has. Cold, moreover, is perceptibly one of the hardest of things and it makes things hard and unyielding. Theophrastus,[*] for instance, tells us that when frozen fish are dropped on the ground, they are broken and smashed to bits just like objects of glass or earthenware. And at Delphi you yourself heard, in the case of those who climbed Parnassus to rescue the Thyiades[*] when they were trapped by a fierce gale and snowstorm, that their capes were frozen so stiff and wooden that when they were opened out, they broke and split apart. Excessive cold, because of its hardness and immobility, also stiffens the muscles and renders the tongue speechless, for it congeals the moist and tender parts of the body.

In view of these considerations, regard the facts in the following light: every force, presumably, whenever it prevails, by a law of nature changes and turns into itself whatever it overcomes. What is mastered by heat is reduced to flames, what is mastered by wind turns to air; and anything that falls into the water, unless it gets out quickly, dissolves and liquefies. It follows, then, that whatever is completely frozen must turn into primordial cold. Now freezing is extreme refrigeration that terminates in a complete alteration and petrifaction when, since the cold has obtained complete mastery, the moist elements are frozen solid and the heat is squeezed out. This is the reason why the earth at its bottommost point is practically all solid frost and ice. For there undiluted and unmitigated cold abides at bay, thrust back to the point farthest removed from the flaming aether.[*] As for these features that are visible, cliffs and crags and rocks, Empedocles[*] thinks that they have been fixed in place and are upheld by resting on the fire that burns in the depths of the earth; but the indications are rather that all these things from which the heat was squeezed out and evaporated were completely frozen by the cold; and for this reason they are called pagoi.[*] So also the peaks[*] of many of them have a black crust where the heat has been expelled and have the appearance of debris from a conflagration. For the cold freezes substances to a varying degree, but hardest those of which it is naturally a primary constituent. Thus, if

it is the nature of heat to lighten, the lightest object will have most heat, and if it is the nature of humidity to soften, the softest will have the most humidity; so, if it is also true that the nature of cold is to harden, then it must also follow that the hardest object will have the most cold - that is to say, just as the earth has. But what is coldest by nature is surely also primarily cold, so that the earth is in fact cold both primordially and naturally; and, of course, this is obvious even to the senses. Mud, in fact, is a colder thing than water; and men extinguish a fire by dumping earth upon it. Blacksmiths, when their iron becomes fiery and begins to melt, sprinkle on it marble chips and gypsum to check and cool it off before it melts too much. It is also true that dust cools the bodies of athletes and dries up their sweat.

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that 33 w 8537
the 171 w 8540
much-prized 1 w 8551
antithesis 2 w 8561
of 70 w 8563
light 17 w 8568
and 80 w 8571
darkness 5 w 8579
belongs 2 w 8586
to 61 w 8588
earth 11 w 8593
rather 3 w 8599
than 4 w 8603
to 62 w 8605
air 23 w 8608
This 4 w 8613
however 2 w 8621
has 8 w 8625
no 35 w 8627
relevance 1 w 8636
to 63 w 8638
the 174 w 8641
question 1 w 8649
under 3 w 8654
discussion 2 w 8664
for 20 w 8668
it 93 w 8670
has 9 w 8673
been 3 w 8677
shown 1 w 8682
that 34 w 8686
there 6 w 8691
are 26 w 8694
many 3 w 8698
cold 28 w 8702
objects 2 w 8709
which 8 w 8714
are 27 w 8717
bright 4 w 8723
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many 4 w 8730
hot 4 w 8733
which 9 w 8738
are 28 w 8741
dull 2 w 8745
and 82 w 8748
dark 10 w 8752
Yet 1 w 8756
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are 29 w 8764
qualities 1 w 8773
more 7 w 8777
closely 1 w 8784
connected 1 w 8793
that 35 w 8797
belong 3 w 8803
to 64 w 8805
coldness 6 w 8813
heaviness 2 w 8823
stability 1 w 8833
solidity 2 w 8842
and 83 w 8846
resistance 1 w 8856
to 65 w 8858
change 4 w 8864
Air 1 w 8868
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no 36 w 8873
part 6 w 8877
at 112 w 8879
all 17 w 8882
in 121 w 8884
them 14 w 8888
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earth 12 w 8899
has 11 w 8902
a 671 w 8903
greater 3 w 8910
share 1 w 8915
in 122 w 8917
all 18 w 8920
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them 15 w 8926
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water 13 w 8935
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Cold 1 w 8943
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perceptibly 1 w 8966
one 12 w 8969
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the 179 w 8974
hardest 1 w 8981
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things 3 w 8989
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it 97 w 8994
makes 2 w 8999
things 4 w 9005
hard 3 w 9009
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unyielding 1 w 9022
Theophrastus 2 w 9035
Frag 3 w 9040
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Wimmer 2 w 9050
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instance 1 w 9062
tells 1 w 9068
us 47 w 9070
that 36 w 9074
when 12 w 9078
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fish 1 w 9088
are 31 w 9091
dropped 1 w 9098
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the 180 w 9103
ground 1 w 9109
they 10 w 9114
are 32 w 9117
broken 2 w 9123
and 86 w 9126
smashed 1 w 9133
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bits 1 w 9139
just 3 w 9143
like 3 w 9147
objects 3 w 9154
of 74 w 9156
glass 1 w 9161
or 79 w 9163
earthenware 1 w 9174
And 3 w 9178
at 116 w 9180
Delphi 1 w 9186
you 2 w 9189
yourself 1 w 9197
heard 1 w 9202
in 127 w 9205
the 183 w 9208
case 1 w 9212
of 75 w 9214
those 7 w 9219
who 6 w 9222
climbed 1 w 9229
Parnassus 1 w 9238
to 67 w 9240
rescue 1 w 9246
the 184 w 9249
Thyiades 1 w 9257
The 16 w 9260
Thyiades 2 w 9268
were 4 w 9272
Attic 1 w 9277
women 1 w 9282
devotees 1 w 9291
of 76 w 9293
Dionysus 1 w 9301
who 7 w 9305
went 1 w 9309
every 4 w 9314
other 6 w 9319
year 1 w 9323
to 68 w 9325
Delphi 2 w 9331
to 69 w 9333
join 1 w 9337
in 129 w 9339
the 186 w 9342
midwinter 1 w 9351
festival 1 w 9359
See 3 w 9363
Guthrie 2 w 9370
The 17 w 9374
Greeks 2 w 9380
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their 5 w 9388
Gods 2 w 9392
p 155 w 9394
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The 18 w 9403
rites 1 w 9408
must 3 w 9412
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involved 1 w 9424
considerable 1 w 9436
discomfort 1 w 9446
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even 3 w 9453
risk 1 w 9457
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Dodds 1 w 9465
says 1 w 9469
edition 1 w 9477
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Euripides 1 w 9488
Bacchae 1 w 9496
p 157 w 9498
xi 2 w 9501
when 13 w 9507
they 11 w 9511
were 5 w 9515
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by 24 w 9524
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gale 1 w 9535
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snowstorm 1 w 9547
that 37 w 9552
their 6 w 9557
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stiff 1 w 9579
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they 13 w 9618
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Excessive 1 w 9646
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because 10 w 9658
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its 22 w 9663
hardness 1 w 9671
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immobility 1 w 9684
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stiffens 1 w 9697
the 192 w 9700
muscles 1 w 9707
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renders 2 w 9717
the 193 w 9720
tongue 1 w 9726
speechless 1 w 9736
for 23 w 9740
it 104 w 9742
congeals 1 w 9750
the 194 w 9753
moist 6 w 9758
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tender 1 w 9767
parts 3 w 9772
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the 195 w 9777
body 2 w 9781
In 5 w 9784
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these 7 w 9795
considerations 2 w 9809
regard 1 w 9816
the 197 w 9819
facts 1 w 9824
in 132 w 9826
the 198 w 9829
following 1 w 9838
light 18 w 9843
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force 4 w 9854
presumably 1 w 9865
whenever 2 w 9874
it 105 w 9876
prevails 1 w 9884
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a 735 w 9888
law 1 w 9891
of 81 w 9893
nature 3 w 9899
changes 1 w 9906
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itself 7 w 9924
whatever 1 w 9932
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What 1 w 9948
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heat 8 w 9964
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flames 1 w 9981
what 3 w 9986
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wind 2 w 10002
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anything 1 w 10024
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It 8 w 10093
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primordial 5 w 10158
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Now 3 w 10166
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extreme 2 w 10183
refrigeration 1 w 10196
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terminates 1 w 10210
in 141 w 10212
a 760 w 10213
complete 2 w 10221
alteration 1 w 10231
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petrifaction 1 w 10246
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the 201 w 10259
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complete 3 w 10282
mastery 1 w 10289
the 202 w 10293
moist 7 w 10298
elements 1 w 10306
are 34 w 10309
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the 203 w 10326
heat 9 w 10330
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This 5 w 10348
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reason 6 w 10359
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its 24 w 10375
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For 9 w 10426
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unmitigated 1 w 10454
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See 4 w 10529
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As 2 w 10541
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features 1 w 10557
that 42 w 10561
are 35 w 10564
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cliffs 1 w 10578
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crags 1 w 10586
and 103 w 10589
rocks 1 w 10594
Empedocles 5 w 10605
Diels-Kranz 3 w 10616
Frag 4 w 10621
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Vorsok 3 w 10631
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p 177 w 10637
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A 16 w 10648
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Mor 5 w 10657
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b 160 w 10662
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Hubert 1 w 10671
s 780 w 10673
references 1 w 10683
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loc 2 w 10688
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they 14 w 10703
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fixed 1 w 10716
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place 3 w 10723
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are 36 w 10729
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the 214 w 10767
depths 2 w 10773
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the 216 w 10790
indications 1 w 10801
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that 45 w 10814
all 22 w 10817
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Crags 1 w 10941
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the 222 w 10969
Areo-pagus 1 w 10979
Mars 1 w 10984
Hill 1 w 10988
at 146 w 10991
Athens 1 w 10997
which 11 w 11004
Plutarch 4 w 11012
correctly 1 w 11021
connects 1 w 11029
with 16 w 11033
the 224 w 11036
verb 1 w 11040
meaning 4 w 11047
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Empedocles 6 w 11089
So 2 w 11092
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the 225 w 11099
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Plutarch 5 w 11112
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volcanoes 1 w 11133
like 4 w 11137
Aetna 1 w 11142
with 17 w 11146
a 839 w 11147
lava 1 w 11151
bed 2 w 11154
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top 1 w 11159
of 84 w 11162
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of 85 w 11168
them 16 w 11172
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crust 1 w 11187
where 6 w 11192
the 227 w 11195
heat 11 w 11199
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and 110 w 11217
have 14 w 11221
the 228 w 11224
appearance 1 w 11234
of 86 w 11236
debris 1 w 11242
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conflagration 1 w 11260
For 10 w 11264
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substances 2 w 11288
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degree 1 w 11304
but 14 w 11308
hardest 2 w 11315
those 8 w 11320
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which 12 w 11327
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naturally 1 w 11340
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primary 1 w 11348
constituent 1 w 11359
Thus 1 w 11364
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the 230 w 11374
nature 4 w 11380
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heat 12 w 11386
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lighten 1 w 11395
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lightest 2 w 11407
object 4 w 11413
will 3 w 11417
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heat 13 w 11429
and 111 w 11433
if 18 w 11435
it 116 w 11437
is 130 w 11439
the 232 w 11442
nature 5 w 11448
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humidity 1 w 11458
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soften 1 w 11466
the 233 w 11470
softest 1 w 11477
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humidity 2 w 11500
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it 119 w 11508
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true 1 w 11518
that 46 w 11522
the 235 w 11525
nature 6 w 11531
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harden 1 w 11547
then 8 w 11552
it 120 w 11554
must 5 w 11558
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hardest 3 w 11582
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the 238 w 11599
most 6 w 11603
cold 37 w 11607
that 48 w 11612
is 133 w 11614
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say 3 w 11619
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the 239 w 11629
earth 16 w 11634
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coldest 1 w 11654
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nature 7 w 11662
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primarily 1 w 11683
cold 39 w 11687
so 48 w 11690
that 49 w 11694
the 240 w 11697
earth 17 w 11702
is 136 w 11704
in 156 w 11706
fact 4 w 11710
cold 40 w 11714
both 4 w 11718
primordially 5 w 11730
and 112 w 11733
naturally 2 w 11742
and 113 w 11746
of 93 w 11749
course 2 w 11755
this 9 w 11760
is 138 w 11762
obvious 1 w 11769
even 4 w 11773
to 86 w 11775
the 241 w 11778
senses 2 w 11784
Mud 1 w 11788
in 157 w 11791
fact 5 w 11795
is 139 w 11798
a 897 w 11799
colder 2 w 11805
thing 9 w 11810
than 6 w 11814
water 15 w 11819
and 114 w 11823
men 16 w 11826
extinguish 1 w 11836
a 901 w 11837
fire 10 w 11841
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earth 18 w 11855
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it 121 w 11861
Blacksmiths 1 w 11873
when 17 w 11878
their 7 w 11883
iron 1 w 11887
becomes 1 w 11894
fiery 2 w 11899
and 115 w 11902
begins 1 w 11908
to 87 w 11910
melt 2 w 11914
sprinkle 1 w 11923
on 116 w 11925
it 123 w 11927
marble 1 w 11933
chips 1 w 11938
and 116 w 11941
gypsum 1 w 11947
to 88 w 11949
check 1 w 11954
and 117 w 11957
cool 1 w 11961
it 124 w 11963
off 4 w 11966
before 2 w 11972
it 125 w 11974
melts 2 w 11979
too 4 w 11982
much 3 w 11986
It 9 w 11989
is 141 w 11991
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true 2 w 11999
that 50 w 12003
dust 1 w 12007
cools 1 w 12012
the 243 w 12015
bodies 3 w 12021
of 95 w 12023
athletes 1 w 12031
and 118 w 12034
dries 1 w 12039
up 17 w 12041
their 8 w 12046
sweat 1 w 12051