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Isis and Osiris (30-34)

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Now Osiris and Isis changed from good minor deities into gods.[*] But the power of Typhon, weakened and crushed, but still fighting and strugglingagainst extinction, they try to console and mollify by certain sacrifices; but again there are times when, at certain festivals, they humiliate and insult him by assailing red-headed men with jeering, and by throwing an ass over the edge of a precipice, as the people of Kopto do, because Typhon had red hair and in colour resembled an ass.[*] The people of Busiris[*] and Lycopolis do not use trumpets at all, because these make a sound like an ass[*]; and altogether they

regard the ass as an unclean animal dominated by some higher power because of its resemblance to Typhon,[*] and when they make cakes at their sacrifices in the month of Paÿni and of Phaophi they imprint upon them the device of an ass tied by a rope.[*] Moreover, in the sacrifice to the Sun they enjoin upon the worshippers not to wear any golden ornaments nor to give fodder to an ass. It is plain that the adherents of Pythagoras hold Typhon to be a daemonic power; for they say that he was born in an even factor of fifty-six; and the dominion of the triangle belongs to Hades, Dionysus, and Ares, that of the quadrilateral to Rhea, Aphroditê, Demeter, Hestia, and Hera, that of the dodecagon to Zeus,[*] and that of a polygon of fifty-six sides to Typhon, as Eudoxus has recorded.

The Egyptians, because of their belief that Typhon was of a red complexion,[*] also dedicate to sacrifice such of their neat cattle as are of a red colour,[*] but they conduct the examination of these so scrupulously that, if an animal has but one hair black or white, they think it wrong to sacrifice it[*]; for they regard as suitable for sacrifice not what is dear to the gods but the reverse, namely, such animals as have incarnate in them souls of unholy and unrighteous men who have been transformed into other bodies. For this reason they invoke curses on the head of the victim and cut it off, and in earlier times they used to

throw it into the river, but now they sell it to aliens.[*] Upon the neat animal intended for sacrifice those of the priests who were called Sealers [*] used to put a mark; and their seal, as Castor records, bore an engraving of a man with his knee on the ground and his hands tied behind his back, and with a sword at his throat.[*] They think, as has been said,[*] that the ass reaps the consequences of his resemblance because of his stupidity and his lascivious behaviour no less than because of his colour. This is also the reason why, since they hated Ochus[*] most of all the Persian kings because he was a detested and abominable ruler, they nicknamed him the Ass; and he remarked, But this Ass will feast upon your Bull, and slaughtered Apis, as Deinon has recorded. But those who relate that Typhons flight from the battle was made on the back of an ass and lasted for seven days, and that after he had made his escape, he became the father of sons, Hierosolymus and Judaeus, are manifestly, as the very names show, attempting to drag Jewish traditions[*] into the legend.

Such, then, are the possible interpretations which these facts suggest. But now let us begin over again, and consider first the most perspicuous of those who have a reputation for expounding matters more philosophically. These men are like the Greeks who say that Cronus is but a figurative name for Chronus[*] (Time), Hera for Air, and that the birth of Hephaestus symbolizes the change of Air into Fire.[*] And thus among the Egyptians such men say that Osiris is the

Nile consorting with the Earth, which is Isis, and that the sea is Typhon into which the Nile discharges its waters and is lost to view and dissipated, save for that part which the earth takes up and absorbs and thereby becomes fertilized.[*]

There is also a religious lament sung over Cronus.[*] The lament is for him that is born in the regions on the left, and suffers dissolution in the regions on the right; for the Egyptians believe that the eastern regions are the face of the world, the northern the right, and the southern the left.[*] The Nile, therefore, which runs from the south and is swallowed up by the sea in the north, is naturally said to have its birth on the left and its dissolution on the right. For this reason the priests religiously keep themselves aloof from the sea, and call salt the spume of Typhon; and one of the things forbidden them is to set salt upon a table[*]; also they do not speak to pilots,[*] because these men make use of the sea, and gain their livelihood from the sea. This is also not the least of the reasons why they eschew fish,[*] and they portray hatred by drawing the picture of a fish. At Saïs in the vestibule of the temple of Athena was carved a babe and an aged man, and after this a hawk, and next a fish, and finally an hippopotamus. The symbolic meaning of this was[*]: O ye that are coming into the world

and departing from it, God hateth shamelessness. The babe is the symbol of coming into the world and the aged man the symbol of departing from it, and by a hawk they indicate God,[*] by the fish hatred, as has already been said,[*] because of the sea, and by the hippopotamus shamelessness; for it is said that he kills his sire[*] and forces his mother to mate with him. That saying of the adherents of Pythagoras, that the sea is a tear of Cronus,[*] may seem to hint at its impure and extraneous nature.

Let this, then, be stated incidentally, as a matter of record that is common knowledge.

But the wiser of the priests call not only the Nile Osiris and the sea Typhon, but they simply give the name of Osiris to the whole source and faculty creative of moisture,[*] believing this to be the cause of generation and the substance of life-producing seed; and the name of Typhon they give to all that is dry, fiery, and arid,[*] in general, and antagonistic to moisture. Therefore, because they believe that he was personally of a reddish sallow colour,[*] they are not eager to meet men of such complexion, nor do they like to associate with them.

Osiris, on the other hand, according to their legendary tradition, was dark,[*] because water darkens everything, earth and clothes and clouds, when it comes into contact with them.[*] In young people the presence of moisture renders their hair black, while greyness, like a paleness as it were, is induced by

dryness in those who are passing their prime.[*] Also the spring-time is vigorous, prolific, and agreeable; but the autumn, since it lacks moisture, is inimical to plants and unhealthful for living creatures.

The bull kept at Heliopolis which they call Mneuis,[*] and which is sacred to Osiris (some hold it to be the sire of Apis), is black and has honours second only to Apis. Egypt, moreover, which has the blackest of soils,[*] they call by the same name as the black portion of the eye, Chemia, and compare it to a heart[*]; for it is warm and moist and is enclosed by the southern portions of the inhabited world and adjoins them, like the heart in a mans left side.

They say that the sun and moon do not use chariots, but boats[*] in which to sail round in their courses; and by this they intimate that the nourishment and origin of these heavenly bodies is from moisture. They think also that Homer,[*] like Thales, had gained his knowledge from the Egyptians, when he postulated water as the source and origin of all things; for, according to them, Oceanus is Osiris, and Tethys is Isis, since she is the kindly nurse and provider for all things. In fact, the Greeks call emission apousia [*] and coition synousia, and the son (hyios) from water (hydor) and rain (hysai); Dionysus also they call Hyes[*] since he is lord of the nature of moisture; and he is no other than Osiris.[*] In fact, Hellanicus seems

to have heard Osiris pronounced Hysiris by the priests, for he regularly spells the name in this way, deriving it, in all probability, from the nature of Osiris and the ceremony of finding him.[*]

Tokens

Now 1 w 3
Osiris 1 w 9
and 1 w 12
Isis 1 w 16
changed 1 w 23
from 1 w 27
good 1 w 31
minor 1 w 36
deities 1 w 43
into 1 w 47
gods 1 w 51
Cf 1 w 54
361 1 w 58
e 4 w 59
supra 1 w 65
But 1 w 69
the 1 w 72
power 1 w 77
of 1 w 79
Typhon 1 w 85
weakened 1 w 94
and 2 w 97
crushed 1 w 104
but 1 w 108
still 1 w 113
fighting 1 w 121
and 3 w 124
strugglingagainst 1 w 141
extinction 1 w 151
they 1 w 156
try 1 w 159
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they 2 w 247
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him 1 w 268
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men 1 w 292
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an 8 w 319
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the 5 w 329
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a 26 w 336
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as 3 w 348
the 6 w 351
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Kopto 1 w 364
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Typhon 2 w 380
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red 2 w 386
hair 1 w 390
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colour 1 w 401
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an 10 w 412
ass 3 w 415
Cf 2 w 418
359 1 w 422
e 46 w 423
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364 1 w 436
a 36 w 437
infra 1 w 443
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Kopto 2 w 452
Cf 3 w 454
356 1 w 458
d 23 w 459
The 1 w 463
people 2 w 469
of 4 w 471
Busiris 1 w 478
Cf 4 w 480
Moralia 1 w 488
150 1 w 492
e-f 1 w 495
and 9 w 499
Lycopolis 1 w 508
do 2 w 510
not 1 w 513
use 2 w 516
trumpets 1 w 524
at 3 w 526
all 1 w 529
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these 1 w 542
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a 45 w 547
sound 1 w 552
like 1 w 556
an 13 w 558
ass 4 w 561
Cf 5 w 563
Aelian 1 w 570
De 1 w 573
Natura 1 w 579
Animalium 1 w 588
x 2 w 590
28 1 w 593
and 10 w 598
altogether 1 w 608
they 3 w 612
regard 1 w 618
the 10 w 621
ass 5 w 624
as 7 w 626
an 16 w 628
unclean 1 w 635
animal 1 w 641
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higher 1 w 662
power 2 w 667
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of 5 w 676
its 1 w 679
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to 6 w 692
Typhon 3 w 698
Cf 6 w 701
Moralia 2 w 709
150 2 w 713
f 20 w 714
and 11 w 718
when 2 w 722
they 4 w 726
make 2 w 730
cakes 1 w 735
at 6 w 737
their 1 w 742
sacrifices 2 w 752
in 17 w 754
the 13 w 757
month 1 w 762
of 6 w 764
Paÿni 1 w 769
and 12 w 772
of 7 w 774
Phaophi 1 w 781
they 5 w 785
imprint 1 w 792
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them 1 w 800
the 16 w 803
device 1 w 809
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an 22 w 813
ass 6 w 816
tied 1 w 820
by 5 w 822
a 76 w 823
rope 1 w 827
Cf 7 w 830
371 1 w 834
d 35 w 835
infra 2 w 841
Moreover 1 w 850
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the 17 w 856
sacrifice 3 w 865
to 7 w 867
the 18 w 870
Sun 1 w 873
they 6 w 877
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upon 2 w 887
the 20 w 890
worshippers 1 w 901
not 2 w 904
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wear 1 w 910
any 1 w 913
golden 1 w 919
ornaments 1 w 928
nor 2 w 931
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give 1 w 937
fodder 1 w 943
to 10 w 945
an 24 w 947
ass 7 w 950
It 1 w 953
is 5 w 955
plain 1 w 960
that 1 w 964
the 21 w 967
adherents 1 w 976
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Pythagoras 1 w 988
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Typhon 4 w 998
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be 4 w 1002
a 89 w 1003
daemonic 1 w 1011
power 3 w 1016
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they 7 w 1024
say 1 w 1027
that 2 w 1031
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an 25 w 1044
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factor 1 w 1054
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fifty-six 1 w 1065
and 13 w 1069
the 23 w 1072
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the 24 w 1085
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to 13 w 1102
Hades 1 w 1107
Dionysus 1 w 1116
and 14 w 1120
Ares 1 w 1124
that 3 w 1129
of 12 w 1131
the 25 w 1134
quadrilateral 1 w 1147
to 14 w 1149
Rhea 1 w 1153
Aphroditê 1 w 1163
Demeter 1 w 1171
Hestia 1 w 1178
and 15 w 1182
Hera 1 w 1186
that 4 w 1191
of 13 w 1193
the 26 w 1196
dodecagon 1 w 1205
to 15 w 1207
Zeus 1 w 1211
As 1 w 1214
the 27 w 1217
chief 1 w 1222
of 14 w 1224
the 28 w 1227
twelve 1 w 1233
gods 2 w 1237
presumably 1 w 1247
Cf 8 w 1250
Herodotus 1 w 1260
ii 1 w 1263
4 2 w 1265
and 16 w 1269
that 5 w 1273
of 15 w 1275
a 113 w 1276
polygon 1 w 1283
of 16 w 1285
fifty-six 2 w 1294
sides 1 w 1299
to 16 w 1301
Typhon 5 w 1307
as 12 w 1310
Eudoxus 1 w 1317
has 1 w 1320
recorded 1 w 1328
The 2 w 1332
Egyptians 1 w 1341
because 4 w 1349
of 17 w 1351
their 2 w 1356
belief 1 w 1362
that 6 w 1366
Typhon 6 w 1372
was 2 w 1375
of 18 w 1377
a 120 w 1378
red 3 w 1381
complexion 1 w 1391
Cf 9 w 1394
359 2 w 1398
e 149 w 1399
supra 3 w 1405
and 17 w 1409
364 2 w 1412
a 123 w 1413
infra 3 w 1419
also 1 w 1424
dedicate 1 w 1432
to 17 w 1434
sacrifice 4 w 1443
such 1 w 1447
of 19 w 1449
their 3 w 1454
neat 1 w 1458
cattle 1 w 1464
as 15 w 1466
are 2 w 1469
of 20 w 1471
a 132 w 1472
red 4 w 1475
colour 2 w 1481
Cf 10 w 1484
Diodorus 1 w 1493
i 96 w 1495
88 1 w 1498
but 3 w 1502
they 8 w 1506
conduct 1 w 1513
the 32 w 1516
examination 1 w 1527
of 21 w 1529
these 2 w 1534
so 5 w 1536
scrupulously 1 w 1548
that 7 w 1552
if 8 w 1555
an 33 w 1557
animal 2 w 1563
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but 4 w 1569
one 1 w 1572
hair 2 w 1576
black 1 w 1581
or 15 w 1583
white 1 w 1588
they 9 w 1593
think 1 w 1598
it 6 w 1600
wrong 1 w 1605
to 18 w 1607
sacrifice 5 w 1616
it 7 w 1618
Cf 11 w 1620
Herodotus 2 w 1630
ii 2 w 1633
38 1 w 1636
and 18 w 1640
Diodorus 2 w 1648
i 111 w 1650
88 2 w 1653
for 3 w 1658
they 10 w 1662
regard 2 w 1668
as 17 w 1670
suitable 1 w 1678
for 4 w 1681
sacrifice 6 w 1690
not 3 w 1693
what 1 w 1697
is 6 w 1699
dear 1 w 1703
to 19 w 1705
the 36 w 1708
gods 3 w 1712
but 5 w 1715
the 37 w 1718
reverse 1 w 1725
namely 1 w 1732
such 2 w 1737
animals 1 w 1744
as 18 w 1746
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in 29 w 1761
them 2 w 1765
souls 1 w 1770
of 22 w 1772
unholy 1 w 1778
and 19 w 1781
unrighteous 1 w 1792
men 3 w 1795
who 1 w 1798
have 2 w 1802
been 1 w 1806
transformed 1 w 1817
into 2 w 1821
other 1 w 1826
bodies 1 w 1832
For 1 w 1836
this 1 w 1840
reason 1 w 1846
they 11 w 1850
invoke 1 w 1856
curses 1 w 1862
on 24 w 1864
the 41 w 1867
head 2 w 1871
of 23 w 1873
the 42 w 1876
victim 1 w 1882
and 20 w 1885
cut 1 w 1888
it 9 w 1890
off 1 w 1893
and 21 w 1897
in 32 w 1899
earlier 1 w 1906
times 2 w 1911
they 12 w 1915
used 1 w 1919
to 21 w 1921
throw 2 w 1926
it 10 w 1928
into 3 w 1932
the 44 w 1935
river 1 w 1940
but 6 w 1944
now 1 w 1947
they 13 w 1951
sell 1 w 1955
it 11 w 1957
to 23 w 1959
aliens 1 w 1965
To 1 w 1968
Greeks 1 w 1974
says 1 w 1979
Herodotus 3 w 1988
ii 3 w 1991
39 1 w 1994
Cf 12 w 1997
Deuteronomy 1 w 2009
xiv 1 w 2012
21 1 w 2015
Thou 1 w 2020
shalt 1 w 2025
give 2 w 2029
it 12 w 2031
sc 2 w 2034
anything 1 w 2043
that 8 w 2047
dieth 1 w 2052
of 25 w 2054
itself 1 w 2060
unto 1 w 2065
the 46 w 2068
stranger 1 w 2076
that 9 w 2080
is 8 w 2082
in 35 w 2084
thy 1 w 2087
gates 1 w 2092
or 21 w 2097
thou 1 w 2101
mayest 1 w 2107
sell 2 w 2111
it 14 w 2113
unto 2 w 2117
an 43 w 2119
alien 2 w 2124
Upon 1 w 2129
the 47 w 2132
neat 2 w 2136
animal 4 w 2142
intended 1 w 2150
for 6 w 2153
sacrifice 7 w 2162
those 1 w 2167
of 26 w 2169
the 48 w 2172
priests 1 w 2179
who 2 w 2182
were 1 w 2186
called 1 w 2192
Sealers 1 w 2199
Cf 13 w 2201
Herodotus 4 w 2211
ii 4 w 2214
38 2 w 2217
and 22 w 2221
Porphyry 1 w 2229
De 4 w 2232
Abstinentia 1 w 2243
iv 6 w 2246
7 2 w 2248
used 2 w 2253
to 26 w 2255
put 1 w 2258
a 184 w 2259
mark 1 w 2263
and 23 w 2267
their 4 w 2272
seal 1 w 2276
as 20 w 2279
Castor 1 w 2285
records 1 w 2292
bore 1 w 2297
an 47 w 2299
engraving 1 w 2308
of 27 w 2310
a 192 w 2311
man 1 w 2314
with 2 w 2318
his 2 w 2321
knee 1 w 2325
on 27 w 2327
the 50 w 2330
ground 1 w 2336
and 24 w 2339
his 3 w 2342
hands 1 w 2347
tied 2 w 2351
behind 1 w 2357
his 4 w 2360
back 1 w 2364
and 26 w 2368
with 3 w 2372
a 198 w 2373
sword 1 w 2378
at 25 w 2380
his 5 w 2383
throat 1 w 2389
Cf 14 w 2392
Diodorus 3 w 2401
i 168 w 2403
88 3 w 2406
4-5 1 w 2410
They 1 w 2415
think 2 w 2420
as 22 w 2423
has 3 w 2426
been 2 w 2430
said 1 w 2434
362 1 w 2438
f 75 w 2439
supra 4 w 2445
that 10 w 2450
the 51 w 2453
ass 8 w 2456
reaps 1 w 2461
the 52 w 2464
consequences 1 w 2476
of 28 w 2478
his 6 w 2481
resemblance 2 w 2492
because 5 w 2499
of 29 w 2501
his 7 w 2504
stupidity 1 w 2513
and 27 w 2516
his 8 w 2519
lascivious 1 w 2529
behaviour 1 w 2538
no 8 w 2540
less 1 w 2544
than 1 w 2548
because 6 w 2555
of 30 w 2557
his 9 w 2560
colour 3 w 2566
This 1 w 2571
is 18 w 2573
also 2 w 2577
the 53 w 2580
reason 2 w 2586
why 1 w 2589
since 1 w 2595
they 14 w 2599
hated 1 w 2604
Ochus 1 w 2609
Cf 15 w 2611
355 1 w 2615
c 65 w 2616
supra 5 w 2622
and 28 w 2626
Aelian 2 w 2632
Varia 1 w 2638
Historia 1 w 2646
iv 8 w 2649
8 10 w 2651
most 1 w 2656
of 31 w 2658
all 3 w 2661
the 55 w 2664
Persian 1 w 2671
kings 1 w 2676
because 7 w 2683
he 68 w 2685
was 3 w 2688
a 228 w 2689
detested 1 w 2697
and 29 w 2700
abominable 1 w 2710
ruler 1 w 2715
they 15 w 2720
nicknamed 1 w 2729
him 2 w 2732
the 57 w 2735
Ass 1 w 2738
and 30 w 2742
he 71 w 2744
remarked 1 w 2752
But 2 w 2756
this 2 w 2760
Ass 2 w 2763
will 1 w 2767
feast 1 w 2772
upon 3 w 2776
your 1 w 2780
Bull 1 w 2784
and 31 w 2788
slaughtered 1 w 2799
Apis 1 w 2803
as 29 w 2806
Deinon 1 w 2812
has 4 w 2815
recorded 2 w 2823
But 3 w 2827
those 2 w 2832
who 3 w 2835
relate 1 w 2841
that 11 w 2845
Typhon 7 w 2851
s 196 w 2853
flight 1 w 2859
from 2 w 2863
the 58 w 2866
battle 1 w 2872
was 4 w 2875
made 1 w 2879
on 33 w 2881
the 59 w 2884
back 2 w 2888
of 32 w 2890
an 61 w 2892
ass 9 w 2895
and 32 w 2898
lasted 1 w 2904
for 7 w 2907
seven 1 w 2912
days 1 w 2916
and 33 w 2920
that 12 w 2924
after 1 w 2929
he 74 w 2931
had 2 w 2934
made 2 w 2938
his 12 w 2941
escape 1 w 2947
he 75 w 2950
became 1 w 2956
the 60 w 2959
father 1 w 2965
of 33 w 2967
sons 1 w 2971
Hierosolymus 1 w 2984
and 34 w 2987
Judaeus 1 w 2994
are 3 w 2998
manifestly 1 w 3008
as 34 w 3011
the 62 w 3014
very 1 w 3018
names 1 w 3023
show 1 w 3027
attempting 1 w 3038
to 29 w 3040
drag 1 w 3044
Jewish 1 w 3050
traditions 1 w 3060
Cf 16 w 3062
Tacitus 1 w 3070
Histories 1 w 3080
v 23 w 3082
2 4 w 3084
into 4 w 3089
the 63 w 3092
legend 1 w 3098
Such 1 w 3103
then 1 w 3108
are 4 w 3112
the 65 w 3115
possible 1 w 3123
interpretations 1 w 3138
which 1 w 3143
these 3 w 3148
facts 1 w 3153
suggest 1 w 3160
But 4 w 3164
now 2 w 3167
let 1 w 3170
us 30 w 3172
begin 1 w 3177
over 3 w 3181
again 3 w 3186
and 35 w 3190
consider 1 w 3198
first 1 w 3203
the 67 w 3206
most 2 w 3210
perspicuous 1 w 3221
of 34 w 3223
those 3 w 3228
who 4 w 3231
have 3 w 3235
a 276 w 3236
reputation 1 w 3246
for 8 w 3249
expounding 1 w 3259
matters 1 w 3266
more 1 w 3270
philosophically 1 w 3285
These 1 w 3291
men 4 w 3294
are 5 w 3297
like 2 w 3301
the 68 w 3304
Greeks 2 w 3310
who 5 w 3313
say 3 w 3316
that 13 w 3320
Cronus 1 w 3326
is 25 w 3328
but 7 w 3331
a 283 w 3332
figurative 1 w 3342
name 5 w 3346
for 9 w 3349
Chronus 1 w 3356
Cf 17 w 3358
Cicero 1 w 3365
De 6 w 3368
Natura 2 w 3374
Deorum 1 w 3380
ii 5 w 3383
25 1 w 3386
64 3 w 3389
Time 1 w 3396
Hera 2 w 3402
for 10 w 3405
Air 1 w 3408
and 36 w 3412
that 14 w 3416
the 69 w 3419
birth 1 w 3424
of 35 w 3426
Hephaestus 1 w 3436
symbolizes 1 w 3446
the 70 w 3449
change 2 w 3455
of 36 w 3457
Air 2 w 3460
into 5 w 3464
Fire 1 w 3468
Cf 18 w 3471
392 1 w 3475
c 81 w 3476
infra 4 w 3482
And 1 w 3486
thus 1 w 3490
among 1 w 3495
the 71 w 3498
Egyptians 2 w 3507
such 3 w 3511
men 5 w 3514
say 4 w 3517
that 15 w 3521
Osiris 2 w 3527
is 27 w 3529
the 72 w 3532
Nile 1 w 3536
consorting 1 w 3546
with 4 w 3550
the 73 w 3553
Earth 1 w 3558
which 2 w 3564
is 28 w 3566
Isis 2 w 3570
and 37 w 3574
that 16 w 3578
the 74 w 3581
sea 2 w 3584
is 30 w 3586
Typhon 8 w 3592
into 6 w 3596
which 3 w 3601
the 75 w 3604
Nile 2 w 3608
discharges 1 w 3618
its 3 w 3621
waters 1 w 3627
and 38 w 3630
is 32 w 3632
lost 1 w 3636
to 34 w 3638
view 1 w 3642
and 39 w 3645
dissipated 1 w 3655
save 1 w 3660
for 11 w 3663
that 17 w 3667
part 1 w 3671
which 4 w 3676
the 76 w 3679
earth 1 w 3684
takes 1 w 3689
up 11 w 3691
and 40 w 3694
absorbs 1 w 3701
and 41 w 3704
thereby 1 w 3711
becomes 1 w 3718
fertilized 1 w 3728
Cf 19 w 3731
366 1 w 3735
a 315 w 3736
infra 5 w 3742
There 1 w 3748
is 34 w 3750
also 3 w 3754
a 318 w 3755
religious 1 w 3764
lament 1 w 3770
sung 1 w 3774
over 4 w 3778
Cronus 2 w 3784
For 2 w 3788
Cronus 3 w 3794
as 35 w 3796
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