A). this, common from Hom. downwds.

A). ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο prob. arose from a reduplication of the demonstr. ὁ, ἡ , τό with insertion of -υ- (= Skt. Particle u), e.g. ταῦτα fr. τα-υ-τα: Dor. gen. sg. fem. τούτας Philol. 11 ; nom. pl. τοῦτοι, ταῦται A.D. Synt. 111.23 : the former occurs Sophr. 24 , GDI 3045 B 6 (Selinus), SIG 339.16 (Rhodes, iii B. C.), etc., the latter is dub. in Sophr. 97 , certain in SIG 241 B 117 (Delph., iv B. C.): in Boeot. all forms begin with οὑτ-, as gen. sg. neut. οὕτω Supp.Epigr. 3.359.11 (iii B. C.); acc. sg. fem. οὕταν Corinn. Supp. 2.80 ; acc. pl. neut. οὗτα SIG 1185.20 (Tanagra, iii B. C.), etc.: gen. pl. fem. Att. τούτων, Cret. ταυτᾶν Leg.Gort. 5.19 ; neut. ταύτων Michel 1334.10 (Elis, iv B. C.).—In Ion. sts. written ταότην, ταο=τα, SIG 283.19 (Chios, iv B. C.), 46.7 (Halic., v B. C.), al.—In Att. οὗτος was freq. strengthd. by the demonstr. -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, gen. τουτουί, dat. τουτῳί, acc. τουτονί; pl. nom. οὑτοιί, neut. ταυτί, etc., this man here: sts. a Particle is inserted between the Pron. and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, Ar. Ach. 784 ; τουτογί for τουτί γε, Id. V. 781 , Av. 894 , al.; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, Id. Eq. 492 , Pax 1057 , al.; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, Id. Pl. 227 ; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, Id. Ra. 965 .—In codd. the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sts. added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be Att. by A.D. Pron. 59.24 , 82.11 . [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη&ί, τουτω&|ί, οὑτοῐί, Ar. Nu. 201 , Pl. 44 , Ach. 40 , etc.]

B). USAGE in regard to CONCOR D. οὗτος is freq. used as a Pron. Subst.: hence neut. is folld. by gen., κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος Hdt. 1.84 ; εἰς τοῦθ’ ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν D. 4.37 ; εἰς τοῦθ’ ἥκεις μανίας Id. 36.48 ; ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων Pl. Euthd. 278b : but quite as freq. as Adj., in which case its Subst. commonly takes the Art., οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the Art. is absent,

1). always in Ep. Poets (exc. Od. 18.114 ), οὗτος ἀνήρ Il. 14.471 , Od. 1.406 , etc.: sts. also in Trag., A. Pers. 122 (lyr.), 495 , S. Ph. 406 , OC 471 , 1177 : once in an Inscr., τοπεῖα: τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων IG 22.1622.135 (iv B. C.).

2). sts. when the Noun is so specified that the Art. is not needed, ἐς γῆν ταύτην .. , ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται Hdt. 4.8 ; ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας Th. 1.85 , cf. Pl. R. 449d , etc.; πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί S. El. 530 .

3). when οὗτος is used in local sense, here, v. infr. c. 1.5 .

4). when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate, αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις S. Ph. 1034 ; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] Pl. Ap. 18a : this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο these were the grievances which already existed, Th. 1.66 ; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν this was the report which .. , Pl. Phlb. 16c : freq. with a Sup., κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ .. ἐγένετο this was notably the greatest movement which .. , Th. 1.1 , cf. 3.113 : with πρῶτος Id. 1.55 , 98 , 6.31 , Ev.Luc. 2.2 .

5). when 3rd pers. is used for 2nd to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, Pl. Grg. 467b , 489b , etc.

II). though οὗτος usu. agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neut., μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ’ ἐστί E. Ba. 305 ; τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι .. εὔθυναι D. 19.82 , etc.: and in pl., οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή Aeschin. 3.13 ; ταῦτ’ ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης Id. 2.166 : so with an explanatory clause added, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν D. 57.34 .

2). so also with a Noun in apposition, τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή Od. 1.159 ; τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως Pl. Ap. 36e , cf. E. Fr. 323.3 , etc.

3). the neut. also may refer to a masc. or fem. Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. Hdt. 4.23 , cf. X. An. 1.5.10 , etc.

4). the neut. is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι: τοῦτο δ’ εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός Ar. Eq. 854 , cf. Pl. Lg. 711a ; or of an abstract fact, οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζῇ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ’ ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν Ar. Ra. 73 .

III). with Prons.,

1). personal, οὗτος σύ, in local sense, v. infr. c. 1.5 .

2). interrog., τί τοῦτ’ ἔλεξας; what is this that .. ? S. Ph. 1173 (lyr.), cf. Ant. 7 ; ποίοισι τούτοις; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]; Id. OC 388 , cf. Ant. 1049 ; Νέστορ’ ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings here, Il. 11.612 .

3). with οἷος, Od. 20.377 , Pl. Phd. 61c .

4). possess., πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος this father of thine, S. El. 530 , cf. X. An. 7.3.30 .

5). demonstr., οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, Hdt. 1.32 ; τοῦτ’ ἔστ’ ἐκεῖνο E. Hel. 622 , cf. Or. 804 ; αὐτὸ τοῦτο, v. αὐτός 1.7; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα this same man, S. Ph. 128 .

b). exceptionally, Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ’ ἐστὶ τύπος IG 12(5).300 (Paros).

6). ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη another man here, Od. 20.380 .

IV). with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη these three years, Lys. 7.10c odd.;[στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for these eleven months, D. 8.2 , cf. 3.4 ; τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν Men. Epit. 27 ; ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς D. 27.23 , cf. Pl. Grg. 463b , etc.

C). SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:

I). this, to designate the nearer, opp. ἐκεῖνος, that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα , things round and about us, earthly things, Pl. Phd. 75e (v. l.); cf. ὅδε init.: but οὗτος sts. indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ .. τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. D. 8.72 , cf. 51.3 and 18 .

2). when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε prop. refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes, οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ’, ἀλλά σοι τάδ’ ἔστι S. OC 787 , cf. ὅδε III. 2 : freq., however, where there are not two things, οὗτος refers to what follows, Il. 13.377 , Od. 2.306 , etc.; οὔκουν .. τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι .. ; A. Pr. 379 , etc.

3). οὗτος is used emphat., generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ’ ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, S. El. 301 ; τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας Pl. Cri. 45a ; so D. de Coron. uses οὗτος of Aeschines, ἐκεῖνος of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, D. 2.15 , 4.3 .

b). of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, X. An. 1.5.8 ; οἱ τὰς τελετὰς .. οὗτοι καταστήσαντες Pl. Phd. 69c , cf. Men. 80a ; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the familiar bag-like thing, Thphr. HP 3.7.3 , cf. 3.18.11 , 4.7.1 ; οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν D.Chr. 31.153 .

4). in Att. law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in Aeschin. 2.130 ) or defendant (as in Id. 1.1 ); so, in the political speeches of D., οὗτοι are the opposite party, 4.1 , 8.7 , etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι freq. means the judges, the court, 21.134 , 36.47 .

5). much like an Adv., in local sense (cf. ὅδε init.), τίς δ’ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας .. ἔρχεαι; who art thou here that comest .. ? Il. 10.82 ; freq. in Att., τίς οὑτοσί; who's this here? Ar. Ach. 1048 ; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep here, X. An. 3.5.9 (as v.l.): with Pron. of 2 pers., οὗτος σύ ho you! you there! S. OT 532 , 1121 , E. Hec. 1280 , etc.: and then οὗτος alone like a voc., οὗτος, τί ποιεῖς; A. Supp. 911 ,cf. S. Aj. 71 , E. Alc. 773 , Ar. Eq. 240 , Nu. 220 , al.: with a pr. n., ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας S. Aj. 89 ; ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους Id. OC 1627 , cf. Ar. V. 1364 : with voc., βέντισθ’ οὗτος Theoc. 5.76 :—the fem. is rarer, αὕτη E. Med. 922 ; αὕτη σύ Ar. Th. 610 .—This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.

II). simply as antec. to ὅς, Od. 2.40 , S. OT 1180 , etc.: freq. following relat. clause, ἅ γ’ ἔλαβες,. . μεθεῖναι ταῦτα Id. Ph. 1247 , cf. 1319 , Ant. 183 , 203 , Pl. Grg. 469c .

III). = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι Pi. O. 4.26 ; σὺ τοίνυν οὗτος εὑρέθης D. 18.282 , cf. 173 .

IV). after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is freq. emphat. repeated by οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης .. , οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω .. ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι Hdt. 4.16 , cf. 81 (s. v. l.), 1.146 , Pl. Phd. 107d , etc.

V). καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word, ξυνεστῶτες .. ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους Th. 4.55 , cf. Hdt. 1.147 , 6.11 , etc.; so οὐδὲ τούτου Aeschin. 2.100 ; v. infr. VIII. 2 .

VI). repeated, where for the second we should merely say he or it, τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν .. κελαδοῦντες Ar. Ra. 1526 , cf. Pl. La. 200d .

VII). ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,

1). ταῦτ’, ὦ δέσποτα yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), Ar. V. 142 , Pax 275 , cf. Eq.III; so ταῦτα δή Id. Ach. 815 ; ταῦτά νυν Id. V. 1008 ; so also ἦν ταῦτα even so, true, E. Ph. 417 .

2). ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει so it shall be, Pl. Phd. 78a .

3). καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα so much for that, freq. in Att., as Pl. Smp. 220c .

4). ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., prob. short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς ( = -εὶς ) ἀθάνατος: ταῦτα IG 14.420 ; Προκόπι ταῦτα ib. 1824 ; χαίρεται ( = -τε ) ταῦτα ib. 1479 , etc.: similarly perh. in a letter, ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα POxy. 119.15 (ii/iii A. D.).

VIII). Adverbial usages:

1). ταῦταabs., therefore, that is why .. , Il. 11.694 ; ταῦτ’ ἄρα Ar. Ach. 90 , Nu. 319 , 335 , 394 , al., X. Smp. 4.55 ; ταῦτα δή A. Pers. 159 , Pl. Smp. 174a ; ταῦτ’ οὖν S. Tr. 550 , Ar. V. 1358 , etc.; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα .. Pl. Prt. 310e : τοῦτο is rare in this sense, τοῦτ’ ἀφικόμην, ὅπως .. εὖ πράξαιμί τι S. OT 1005 ; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο just because of this, Pl. Smp. 204a .

b). πρὸς ταῦτα so then, therefore, prop. used in indignant defiance, A. Pr. 992 , 1043 , S. Aj. 971 , 1115 , 1313 , OT 426 , OC 455 , etc.

2). καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, and that, ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός A. Eu. 627 : but mostly with a part., ὅς γ’ ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ .. , καὶ ταῦθ’ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον S. OT 37 , cf. Ar. Ra. 704 , Pl. Phdr. 241e , etc.; or with a part. omitted, ἥτις .. τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (sc. οὖσα) S. El. 614 ; so καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι Pl. Erx. 400b .

b). καὶ ταῦτα anyhow, no matter what happens (or happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good anyhow, i.e. try as you might, Id. R. 341c , cf. Diod.Com. 3.5 .

3). τοῦτο μέν .. , τοῦτο δέ .. on the one hand .. , on the other .. , partly .. , partly .. , very freq. in Hdt., as 1.161 , al.; τοῦτο μέν is sts. answered by δέ only, 4.76 , S. Aj. 670 , OC 440 ; by δὲ αὖ, Hdt. 7.176 ; by ἔπειτα δέ, S. Ant. 61 ; by ἀλλά, D. 22.13 ; by εἶτα, S. Ph. 1345 ; by τοῦτ’ αὖθις, Id. Ant. 165 .

4). dat. fem. ταύτῃ,

a). on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν .. , τῇδε δ’ αὖ .. Id. Ph. 1331 ; ἀλλ’ ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται Ar. Eq. 271 , cf. Th. 1221 .

b). in this point, herein, μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς Id. Pl. 572 , cf. X. Hier. 7.12 , etc.

c). in this way, thus, A. Pr. 191 , S. OC 1300 , etc.; οὐ .. ταῦτ’ ἐστί πω ταύτῃ Ar. Eq. 843 ; ἀλλ’ οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα E. Med. 365 , cf. A. Pr. 511 : antec. to ὥσπερ, Pl. R. 330c ; to ὅπῃ, X. Cyr. 8.3.2 ; οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο Pl. Lg. 681d ; καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι ib. 714d ; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ. , Sch. Pl. Smp. 215b .

5). ἐκ τούτου or τούτων thereupon, X. HG 3.1.6 , Oec. 2.1 ; therefore, Id. An. 3.3.5 .

6). ἐν τούτῳ in that case, Pl. R. 440c .

b). in the meantime, Hdt. 1.126 , Th. 3.72 , X. Mem. 2.1.27 .

7). πρὸς τούτοις (-οισι) besides, Hdt. 2.51 , Pl. Prt. 326a , X. Mem. 2.4.4 , Ar. Pl. 540 .