He conquered, however, partly in person, and partly by his lieutenants,
						 Cantabria , Cantabria , in the north of
							 Spain , now the Basque
						province. 
					 Aquitania and Pannonia , The ancient
							 Pannonia includes Hungary and part of Austria , Styria and Carniola . 
					 Dalmatia , with all Illyricum and Rhaetia , The Rhaetian Alps are that part of the chain bordering on the
							 Tyrol . besides the two
					Alpine nations, the Vindelici and the Salassii. The
						Vindelici principally occupied the country which is now the kingdom of
							 Bavaria ; and the Salassii, that
						part of Piedmont which includes the
						valley of Aost. He also checked the incursions of the Dacians, by
					cutting off three of their generals with vast armies, and drove the Germans
					beyond the river Elbe ; removing two
					other tribes who submitted, the Ubii and Sicambri, into Gaul , and settling them in the country
					bordering on the Rhine . Other nations
					also, which broke into revolt, he reduced to submission. But he never made war
					upon any nation without just and necessary cause; and was so far from being
					ambitious either to extend the empire, or advance his own military glory, that
					he obliged the chiefs of some barbarous tribes to swear in the temple of Mars
					the Avenger, The temple of Mars Ultor was erected by
						Augustus in fulfilment of a vow made by him at the battle of Philippi . It stood in the Forum which
						he built, mentioned in chap. xxix. There are no remains of either. 
					that they would faithfully observe their engagements, and not violate the peace
					which they had implored. Of some he demanded a new description of hostages,
					their women, having found from experience that they cared little for their men
					when given as hostages; but he always afforded them the means of getting back
					their hostages whenever they wished it. Even those who engaged most frequently
					and with the greatest perfidy in their rebellion, he never punished more
					severely than by selling their captives, on the terms of their not serving in
					any neighbouring country, nor being released from their slavery before the
					expiration of thirty years. By the character which he thus acquired, for virtue
					and moderation, he induced even the Indians and Scythians, nations before known
					to the Romans by report only, to solicit his friendship, and that of the Roman
					people, by ambassadors. The Parthians readily allowed his claim to Armenia ; restoring, at his demand, the
					standards which they had taken from Marcus Crassus and Mark Antony, and offering
					him hostages besides. Afterwards, when a contest arose between several
					pretenders to the crown of that kingdom, they refused to acknowledge any one who
					was not chosen by him. The temple of Janus Quirinus, which had been shut twice only, from the era of the
					building of the city to his own time, he closed thrice in a much shorter period,
					having established universal peace both by sea and land. He twice entered the
					city with the honours of an Ovation, "The Ovatio was an
						inferior kind of Triumph, granted in cases where the victory was not of
						great importance, or had been obtained without difficulty. The general
						entered the city on foot or on horseback, crowned with myrtle, not with
						laurel; and instead of bullocks, the sacrifice was performed with a sheep,
						whence this procession acquired its name."-Thomson. namely, after the
					war of Philippi , and again after
					that of Sicily . He had also three
					curule triumphs "The greater Triumph, in which the
						victorious general and his army advanced in solemn procession through the
						city to the Capitol, was the highest military honour which could be obtained
						in the Roman state. Foremost in the procession went musicians of various
						kinds, singing and playing triumphal songs. Next were led the oxen to be
						sacrificed, having their horns gilt, and their heads adorned with fillets
						and garlands. Then in carriages were brought the spoils taken from the
						enemy, statues, pictures, plate, armour, gold and silver, and brass; with
						golden crowns, and other gifts, sent by the allied and tributary states. The
						captive princes and generals followed in chains, with their children and
						attendants. After them came the lictors, having their fasces wreathed with
						laurel, followed by a great company of musicians and dancers dressed like
						Satyrs, and wearing crowns of gold; in the midst of whom was one in a female
						dress, whose business it was, with his looks and gestures, to insult the
						vanquished. Next followed a long train of persons carrying perfumes. Then
						came the victorious general, dressed in purple embroidered with gold, with a
						crown of laurel on his head, a branch of laurel in his right hand, and in
						his left an ivory sceptre, with an eagle on the top; having his face painted
						with vermilion, in the same manner as the statue of Jupiter on festival days, and a golden
						Bulla hanging on his breast, and containing some amulet, or magical
						preservative against envy. He stood in a gilded chariot, adorned with ivory,
						and drawn by four white horses, sometimes by elephants, attended by his
						relations, and a great crowd of citizens, all in white. His children used to
						ride in the chariot with him; and that he might not be too much elated, a
						slave, carrying a golden crown sparkling with gems, stood behind him, and
						frequently whispered in his ear, 'Remember that thou art a man!' After the
						general, followed the consuls and senators on foot, at least according to
						the appointment of Augustus; for they formerly used to go before him. His
						Legati and military Tribunes commonly rode by his side. The victorious army,
						horse and foot, came last, crowned with laurel, and decorated with the gifts
						which they had received for their valour, singing their own and their
						general's praises, but sometimes throwing out railleries against him; and
						often exclaiming, 'Io Triumphe!' in which they were joined by all the
						citizens, as they passed along. The oxen having been sacrificed, the general
						gave a magnificent entertainment in the Capitol to his friends and the chief
						men of the city, after which he was conducted home by the people, with music
						and a great number of lamps and torches."-Thomson. for his several
					victories in Dalmatia , Actium , and Alexandria ; each of which lasted three
					days. In all his wars, he never received any signal or ignominious defeat, except twice
					in Germany , under his lieutenants
					Lollius and Varus. The former indeed had in it more of dishonour than disaster;
					but that of Varus threatened the security of the empire itself; three legions,
					with the commander, his lieutenants, and all the auxiliaries, being cut off.
					Upon receiving intelligence of this disaster, he gave orders for keeping a
					strict watch over the city, to prevent any public disturbance, and prolonged the
					appointments of the prefects in the provinces, that the allies might be kept in
					order by experience of persons to whom they were used. He made a vow to
					celebrate the great games in honour of Jupiter , Optimus, Maximus, "if he would be pleased to restore
					the state to more prosperous circumstances." This had formerly been resorted to
					in the Cimbrian and Marsian wars. In short, we are informed that he was in such
					consternation at this event, that he let the hair of his head and beard grow for
					several months, and sometimes knocked his head against the door-post, crying
					out, "0, Quintilius Varus! give me back my legions!" And ever after he observed
					the anniversary of this calamity, as a day of sorrow and mourning. In military affairs he made many alterations, introducing some practices entirely
					new, and reviving others, which had become obsolete. He maintained the strictest
					discipline among the troops; and would not allow even his lieutenants the
					liberty to visit their wives, except reluctantly, and in the winter season only.
					A Roman knight having cut off the thumbs of his two young sons, to render them
					incapable of serving in the wars, he exposed both him and his estate to public
					sale. But upon observing the farmers of the revenue very greedy for the
					purchase, he assigned him to a freedman of his own, that he might send him into
					the country, and suffer him to retain his freedom. The tenth legion becoming
					mutinous, he disbanded it with ignominy; and did the same by some others which
					petulantly demanded their discharge; withholding from them the rewards usually
					bestowed on those who had served their stated time in the wars. The cohorts
					which yielded their ground in time of action, he decimated, and fed with barley.
					Centurions, as well as common sentinels, who deserted their posts when on guard,
					he punished with death. For other misdemeanors he inflicted upon them various
					kinds of disgrace; such as obliging them to stand all day before the praetorium,
					sometimes in their tunics only, and without their belts, sometimes to carry
					poles ten feet long, or sods of turf. After the conclusion of the civil wars, he never, in any of his military
					harangues, or proclamations, addressed them by the title of "Fellow-soldiers,"
					but as "Soldiers" only. Nor would he suffer them to be otherwise called by his
					sons or step-sons, when they were in command; judging the former epithet to
					convey the idea of a degree of condescension inconsistent with military
					discipline, the maintenance of order, and his own majesty, and that of his
					house. Unless at Rome , in case of
					incendiary fires, or under the apprehension of public disturbances during a
					scarcity of provisions, he never employed in his army slaves who had been made
					freedmen, except upon two occasions; on one, for the security of the colonies
					bordering upon Illyricum , and on the
					other, to guard the banks of the river Rhine . Although he obliged persons of fortune, both male and
					female, to give up their slaves, and they received their manumission at once,
					yet he kept them together under their own standard, unmixed with soldiers who
					were better born, and armed likewise after different fashion. Military rewards,
					such as trappings, collars, and other decorations of gold and silver, he
					distributed more readily than camp or mural crowns, which were reckoned more
					honourable than the former. These he bestowed sparingly, without partiality, and
					frequently even on common soldiers. He presented M. Agrippa, after the naval
					engagement in the Sicilian war, with a sea-green banner. Those who shared in the
					honours of a triumph, although they had attended him in his expeditions, and
					taken part in his victories, he judged it improper to distinguish by the usual
					rewards for service, because they had a right themselves to grant such rewards
					to whom they pleased. He thought nothing more derogatory to the character of an
					accomplished general than precipitancy and rashness; on which account he had
					frequently in his mouth those proverbs: σπεῦδε , hasten slowly ; and ἀσφαλὴσ γὰρ ἐστ' ἀμείνων, ἡ θράσυσ στρατηλάτησ , The
						cautious captain's better than the bold. . And "That is done fast
					enough, which is done well enough." He was wont to say also, that "a battle or a war ought never to be undertaken,
					unless the prospect of gain over balanced the fear of loss. For," said he, "men
					who pursue small advantages with no small hazard, resemble those who fish with a
					golden hook, the loss of which, if the line should happen to break, could never
					be compensated by all the fish they might take."