THE PROLOGUE. PROLOGUS THESE two captives pointing to PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS , whom you see standing here, are standing here because—they are both 
 Because—they are both : This is apparently intended as a piece of humour, in catching or baulking the audience. He begins as though he was going to explain why the captives are standing there, and ends his explanation with saying that they are standing because they are not sitting. A similar truism is uttered by Pamphila, in the Stichus, l. 120. standing, and are not sitting. That I am saying this truly, you are my witnesses. The old man, who lives here pointing to HEGIO'S house , is Hegio— his father pointing to TYNDARUS . But under what circumstances he is the slave of his own father, that I will here explain to you, if you give attention. This old man had two sons; a slave stole one child when four years old, and flying hence, he sold him in Elis 
 In Elis : Elis, or, as it is called by Plautus, "Alis," was a city of Achaia, in the north-western part of the Peloponnesus. Near it the Olympio games were celebrated , to the father of this captive pointing to PHIILOCRATES . Now, do you understand this? Very good. I' faith, that man at a distance 
 That man at a distance : One of the audience, probably a plebeian who has no seat, but is standing in a remote part of the theatre, is supposed to exclaim in a rude manner that he cannot hear what the actor says. On this the speaker tells him that he had better come nearer; and if he cannot find a seat, there is room for him to walk away. Possibly the verb "ambulo" may be intended to signify in this case either "to walk" or "to stand," in contradistinction to sitting. Rost, with some reason, suggests "abscedito," "walk out," in place of "accedito," "come nearer." there pointing says, no. Come nearer then. If there isn't room for you to sit down, there is for you to walk; since you'd be compelling an actor to bawl like a beggar 
 To bawl like a beggar : Commentators have differed as to the meaning of this passage. Some think that he means that with the view of pleasing the plebeian part of the audience, he shall not bawl out like a beggar asking alms; while others suppose that the meaning is, that he will not run the risk of cracking his voice, after which he will be hissed off the stage, and so be reduced to beggary. . I'm not going to burst myself for your sake, so don't you be mistaken. You who are enabled by your means to pay your taxes 
 To pay your taxes : By this he shows that the party whom he is addressing, is either one of the lowest plebeians or a slave. In the assessment or census, which was made by the Censors, the slaves were not numbered at all, being supposed to have no "caput," or "civil condition." The lowest century were the "proletarii," whose only qualification was the being heads of families, or fathers of children. In addressing those who are reckoned in the census "ope vestrâ," "by your means" or "circumstances," he seems to be rebuking the "proletarii," who had no such standing, and who probably formed the most noisy part of the audience. As these paid no part of the taxes with which the theatres were in part supported, of course they would be placed at a greater distance from the stage, and probably were not accommodated with seats. It was just about this period that the elder Scipio assigned different places in the theatres to the various classes of the people. , listen to the rest 
 Listen to the rest : "Reliquum" was a term which either signified generally, "what is left," or money borrowed and still unpaid. He plays upon these different meanings—"Accipite reliquum," which may either signify "hear the rest" or "take what is due and owing," and he then makes the observation, parenthetically, "alieno uti nil moror," "I don't care to be in debt." ; I care not to be in debt to another. This runaway slave, as I said before, sold his young master, whom, whom he fled, he had carried off, to this one's father. He, after he bought him, gave him as his own private slave 
 His own private slave : "Peculiaris" means "for his own private use" or "attached to his person;" being considered as though bought with his son's "peculium," or ut of his own private purse. The "peculium" was the sum of money which a son in his minority was allowed by his father to be in possession of. The word also signified the savings of the slave. to his son of his, because they were of about the same age. He is now the slave at home of his own father, nor does his father know it. Verily, the Gods do treat us men just like footballs 
 Just like footballs : "Pilas." Among the ancients, games with the "pila" were those played with the "pila trigonalis," so called, probably, from the players standing in a triangle, and those with the "follis," which was a larger ball, inflated with air and struck with the hands, or used for a football. "Paganica" was a similar ball, but harder, being stuffed with feathers, and was used by the country-people. "Harpastum" was a small ball used by the Greeks, which was scrambled for as soon as it came to the ground, whence it received its name. The Greeks had a proverb similar to this expression, θεῶν παίγνια ἀνθρωποὶ, "men are the playthings of the Gods." So Plato called mankind θέων ἀθύπματα, "the sport of the Gods." . You hear the manner now how he lost one son. Afterwards, the Ætolians 
 The Ætolians : Ætolia was a country of Greece, the southern portion of which was are bounded by the Corinthian Gulf; it was opposite to the Elean territory, from which it was divided by the gulf. are waging war with the people of Elis, and, as happens in warfare, the other son is taken prisoner. The physician Menarchus buys him there in Elis. On this, this Hegio begins to traffic in Elean captives, if, perchance, he may be able to find one to change for that captive son of his. He knows not that this one who is in his house is his own son. And as he heard yesterday that an Elean knight of very high rank and very high family was taken prisoner, he has spared no expense to rescue his son 
 To rescue his son : "Filio dum parceret." Literally, "so long as he might spare his son." . In order that he may more easily bring him back home, he buys both of these of the Quæstors 
 Of the Quæstors : In speaking of these officers, Plautus, as usual, introduces Roman customs into a Play the scene of which is in Greece. It has been previously remarked that the Quæstors had the selling of the spoils taken in war. out of the spoil. Now they, between themselves, have contrived this plan, that, by means of it, the servant may send away hence his master home. And therefore among themselves they change their garments and their names. He, there pointing , is called Philocrates; this one pointing , Tyndarus; he this day assumes the character of this one, this one of him. And this one to-day will cleverly carry out this plot, and cause his master to gain his liberty; and by the same means he will save his own brother, and without knowing it, will cause him to return back a free man to his own country to his father. just as often now, on many occasions, a person has done more good unknowingly than knowingly. But unconsciously, by their devices, they have so planned and devised their plot, and have so contrived it by their design, that this one is living in servitude with his own father. And thus now, in ignorance, he is the slave of his own father. What poor creatures are men, when I reflect upon it! This plot will be performed by us—a play for your entertainment. But there is, besides, a thing which, in a few words, I would wish to inform you of. Really, it will be worth your while to give your attention to this play. 'Tis not composed in the hackneyed style, nor yet like other plays, nor are there in it any ribald lines 
 Any ribald lines : See the address of the Company of actors to the Spectators at the end of the Play. unfit for utterance: here is neither the perjured procurer, nor the artful courtesan, nor yet the braggart captain. Don't you be afraid because I've said that there's war between the Ætolians and the Eleans. There pointing , at a distance, beyond the scenes, the battles will be fought. For this were almost impossible for a Comic establishment 
 A Comic establishment : "Comico choragio." Literally, "for the choragium of Comedy." The " choragium" was the dress and furniture, or " properties" for the stage, supplied by the "choragus," or keeper of the theatrical wardrobe. , that we should at a moment attempt to be acting Tragedy. If, therefore, any one is looking for a battle, let him commence the quarrel; if he shall find an adversary more powerful, I'll cause him to be the spectator of a battle that isn't pleasant to him, so that hereafter he shall hate to be a spectator them all. I now retire. Fare ye well, at home, most upright judges, and in warfare most valiant combatants.
 Enter ERGASILUS. ERGASILUS The young men have given me the name of "the mistress," for this reason, because invocated 
 Because invocated : "Invocatus." The following Note is extracted from Thornton's Translation of this Play:—"The reader's indulgence for the coinage of a new term (and perhaps not quite so much out of character from the mouth of a Parasite) is here requested in the use of the word 'invocated' in a sense, which it is owned, there is no authority for, but without it no way occurs to explain the poet's meaning—which, such as it is, and involved in such a pun, is all that can be aimed at. The word 'invocatus' means both 'called upon' and 'not called upon.' Ergasilus here quibbles upon it; for, though at entertainments he attends, as it is the common character of Parasites to do, without invitation, that is 'not called upon;' and as mistresses are 'called upon' that their names so invoked may make their lovers throw the dice with success; still, according to the double sense of the word, they may be compared to each other, as they are both, according to the Latin idiom, 'invocati.'" I am wont to attend at the banquet. I know that buffoons 
 That buffoons : "Derisores," "buffoons." By this word he means, that particular class of Parasites who earned their dinners by their repartees and bon-mots. say that this is absurdly said, but I affirm that it is rightly said. For at the banquet the lover, when he throws the dice, invokes his mistress 
 Invokes his mistress : It was the Grecian custom, when they threw dice at an entertainment, for the thrower to call his mistress by name, which invocation was considered to bring good luck. . Is she then invocated, or is she not? She is, most clearly. But, i' faith, we Parasites with better reason are so called, whom no person ever either invites or invokes, and who, like mice, are always eating the victuals of another person. When business is laid aside 
 When business is laid aside : " Ubi res prolatæ sunt." Meaning thereby "in vacation-time." In the heat of summer the courts of justice were closed, and the more wealthy portion of the Romans retired into the country. or to the seaside. Cicero mentions this vacation as "rerum prolatio." The allusion in the previous line is probably derived from a saying of the Cynic Diogenes: when he saw mice creeping under the table, he used to say, "See the Parasites of Diogenes." , when people repair to the country, at that same moment is business laid aside for our teeth. Just as, when it is hot weather, snails lie hidden in secret, and live upon their own juices, if the dew doesn't fall; so, when business is laid aside, do Parasites lie hidden in retirement, and miserably live upon their own juices, while in the country the persons are rusticating whom they sponge upon. When business is laid aside, we Parasites are greyhounds; when business recommences, like mastiffs 
 Like mastiffs : "Molossici." Literally, "dogs of Molossus," a country of Epirus. , we are annoying-like and very troublesome- like 
 Annoying-like and very troublesome-like : "Odiosici— incommodestici." These are two extravagant forms of the words "odiosi" and "incommodi," coined by the author for the occasion. . And here, indeed, unless, i' faith, any Parasite is able to endure cuffs with the fist, and pots to be broken 
 Pots to be broken : By Meursius we are informed that these practical jokes were played upon the unfortunate Parasites with pots filled with cinders, which were sometimes scattered over their clothes, to the great amusement of their fellow-guests. about his head, why he may e'en go with his wallet outside the Trigeminian Gate 
 The Trigeminian Gate : The Ostian Gate was so called because the Horatii left the city by that gate to fight the Curiatii. The brothers being born at one birth were "trigemini," whence the gate received its name. The beggars with their wallets were seated there. See the Trinummus, l. 423, and the Note to the passage. . That this may prove my lot, there is some danger. For since my patron 
 Since my patron : Rex; literally, "king." The Parasites were in the habit of so calling their entertainers. has fallen into the hands of the enemy—(such warfare are the Ætolians now waging with the Eleans; for this is Ætolia; this Philopolemus has been made captive in Elis, the son of this old man Hegio who lives here pointing to the house —a house which to me is a house of woe, and which so oft as I look upon, I weep). Now, for the sake of his son, has he commenced this dishonorable traffic, very much against his own inclination. He buys up men that have been made captives, if perchance he may be able to find some one for whom to gain his son in exchange. An object which I really do much desire that he may gain. for unless he finds him, there's nowhere for me to find myself. I have no hopes in the young men; they are all too fond of themselves. He, in fine, is a youth with the old-fashioned nanners, whose countenance I never rendered cheerful without a return. His father is worthily matched, as endowed with like manners. Now I'll go to him;—but his door is opening, the door from which full oft I've sallied forth drunk with excess of cheer. He stands aside. 
 Enter, from his house, HEGIO and a SLAVE. HEGIO Now, give attention you, if you please. Those two captives whom I purchased yesterday of the Quæstors out of the spoil, put upon them chains of light weight 
 Chtains of light weight : " Singularias." This word may admit of three interpretations, and it is impossible to decide which is the right one. It may mean chains weighing a single "libra," or pound; it may signify chains for the captives singly, in contradistinction to those by which they were fastened to each other; or it may mean single chains, in opposition to double ones. In the Acts of the Apostles, ch. 12, v. 6, we read that St. Peter was bound with two chains; and in ch. 13, v. 33, the chief captain orders St. Paul to be bound with two chains. ; take off those greater ones with which they are bound. Permit them to walk, if they wish, out of doors, or if in-doors, but so that they are watched with the greatest care. A captive at liberty is like a bird that's wild; if opportunity is once given for escaping, 'tis enough; after that, you can never catch him. A SLAVE Doubtless we all are free men more willingly than we live the life of slaves. HEGIO You, indeed, don't seem to think so 
 Don't seem to think so : Hegio means to say that the slave does not seem to think liberty so very desirable, or he would try more to please his master and do his duty, which might probably be the right method for gaining his liberty. As the slave could generally ransom himself out of his "peculium," or "savings," if they were sufficient, the slave here either thinks, or pretends to think, that Hegio is censuring him for not taking those means, and answers, accordingly, that he has nothing to offer. . A SLAVE If I have nothing to give, should you like me to give myself to flight 
 Give myself to flight : "Dem in pedes." Literally, "give myself to my feet," meaning thereby "to run away." He puns upon this meaning of "dare," and its common signification of "to give" or "to offer to give." ? HEGIO If you do so give yourself, I shall at once have something to be giving to you. A SLAVE I'll make myself just like the wild bird you were telling of. HEGIO 'Tis just as you say; for if you do so, I'll be giving you to the cage 
 Giving you to the cage : "In cavearn." He plays on the word "cavea," which meaning "a cage" for a bird might also mean confinement for a prisoner. . But enough of prating; take you care of what I've ordered, and be off. The SLAVE goes into the house. I'll away to my brother's, to my other captives; I'll go see whether they've been making any disturbance last night. From there I shall forthwith betake myself home again. ERGASILUS apart . It grieves me that this unhappy old man is following the trade of a slave-dealer, by reason of the misfortune of his son. But, if by any means he can be brought back here, I could even endure for him to become an executioner. HEGIO overhearing him . Who is it that's speaking?
 ERGASILUS 'Tis I, who am. pining at your affliction, growing thin, waxing old, and shockingly wasting away. Wretched man that I am, I'm but skin and bone through leanness; nor does anything ever do me good that I eat at home; even that ever so little which I taste out of doors, the same refreshes me. HER. Ergasilus, save you! ERGASILUS crying . May the Gods kindly bless you, Hegio! HER. Don't weep. ERGASILUS Must I not weep for him? Must I not weep for such a young man? HEGIO I've always known you to be a friend to my son, and I have understood him to be so to you. ERGASILUS Then at last do we men know our blessings, when we have lost those things which we once had in our power. I, since your son fell into the power of the enemy, knowing by experience of what value he was, now feel his loss. HEGIO Since you, who are no relation, bear his misfortune so much amiss, what is it likely that I, a father, should do, whose only son he is? ERGASILUS I, no relation to him? He, no relation to me? Oh, Hegio! never do say that, nor come to such a belief. To you he is an only child, but to me he is even more only than an only one. HEGIO I commend you, in that you consider the affliction of your friend your own affliction. Now be of good heart. ERGASILUS crying . O dear! HEG. half-aside . 'Tis this afflicts him, that the army for guttling is now disbanded. Meanwhile, have you found no one to command for you the army that you mentioned as disbanded? ERGASILUS What do you think? All to whom it used to fall are in the habit of declining that province since your son Philopolemus was taken prisoner. HEGIO I' faith, 'tisn't to be wondered at, that they are in the habit of declining that province. You have necessity for numerous troops, and those of numerous kinds. Well, first you have need of the Bakerians 
 The Bakerians : This and the following appellations are expressive both of the several trades that contributed to furnishing entertainments, and, in the Latin, also denoted the names of inhabitants of several places in Italy or elsewhere. As this meaning could not be expressed in a literal translation of them, the original words are here subjoined. In the word "Pistorienses," he alludes to the bakers, and the natives of Pistorium, a town of Etruria; in the "Panicei," to the bread or roll bakers, and the natives of Pana, a little town of the Samnites, mentioned by Strabo; in the "Placentini," to the "confectioners" or "cake-makers," and the people of Placentia, a city in the North of Italy; in the "Turdetani," to the "poulterers" or "sellers of thrushes," and the people of Turdetania, a district of Spain; and in the "Ficedulæ," to the "sellers of beccaficos," a delicate bird, and the inhabitants of Ficeaulæ, a town near Rome. Of course, these appellations, as relating to the trades, are only comical words coined for the occasion. . Of these Bakerians there are several kinds, You have need of Roll-makerians, you have need too of Confectionerians, you have need of Poultererians, you have need of Beccaficorians; besides, all the maritime forces are necessary for you. ERGASILUS How the greatest geniuses do frequently lie concealed! How great a general now is this private individual! HEGIO Only have good courage; for I trust that in a few days I shall bring him back home. For see now; there's a captive here, a young man of Elis, born of a very high family, and of very great wealth; I trust that it will come to pass that I shall get my son in exchange for him. ERGASILUS May the Gods and Goddesses grant it so! HEGIO But are you invited out anywhere to dinner? ERGASILUS Nowhere that I know of. But, pray, why do you ask me? HEGIO Because this is my birthday; for that reason I'd like you to be invited to dinner at my house. ERGASILUS 'Tis kindly said. HEGIO But if you can be content to eat a very little— ERGASILUS Aye, even ever so little; for on such fare as that do I enjoy myself every day at home. HEGIO Come, then, please, set yourself up for sale. ERGASILUS I'll put myself up for purchase, just like a landed estate, unless any one shall privately make a better offer that pleases myself and my friends more, and to my own conditions will I bind myself. HEGIO You are surely selling me a bottomless pit 
 A bottomless pit : He plays upon the resemblance in sound of the word "fundum," "landed property," to "profundum," "a deep cavity," to which he compares the Parasite's stomach. "You sell me landed property, indeed; say rather a bottomless pit." , and not a landed estate. But if you are coming, do so in time. ERGASILUS Why, for that matter, I'm at leisure even now.
 HEGIO Go then, and hunt for a hare; at present, in me you have but a ferret 
 Have but aferret : This passage has much puzzled the Commentators; but allowing for some very far-fetched wit, which is not uncommon with Plautus, it may admit of some explanation. He tells the Parasite that he had better look for a nicer dinner, a hare, in fact; for that in dining with him, he will only get the ferret (with which the hare was hunted) for his dinner. Then, inasmuch as the ferret was used for following the hare or rabbit into "scruposæ viæ," "impervious" or "rocky places" where they had burrowed, he adds: "For my dinner, ferret-like, frequents rugged places;" by which he probably means that it is nothing but a meagre repast of vegetables, of which possibly capers formed a part, which grow plentifully in Italy, in old ruins and craggy spots. Some suggest that it was a custom with the huntsmen, if they failed to catch the hare, to kill and eat the ferret. , for my fare is in the way of frequenting a rugged road. ERGASILUS You'll never repulse me by that, Hegio, so don't attempt it. I'll come, in spite of it, with teeth well shod. HEGIO Really, my viands are but of a rough sort 
 Are but of a rough sort : The word "asper" means either "uncavoury" or "prickly," according to the context. Hegio means to use it in the former sense, but the Parasite, for the sake of repartee, chooses to take it in the latter. . ERGASILUS Are you in the habit of eating brambles? HEGIO Mine is an earthy dinner. ERGASILUS A pig is an earthy animal. HEGIO Earthy from its plenty of vegetables. ERGASILUS Treat your sick peoples 
 Treat your sick people : He means that such a dinner may suit sick people, but will not be to his taste. at home with that fare? Do you wish anything else? HEGIO Come in good time. ERGASILUS You are putting in mind one who remembers quite well. (Exit.) 
 HEGIO I'll go in-doors, and in the house I'll make the calculation how little money I have at my banker's; afterwards I'll go to my brother's, whither I was saying I would go. Goes into his house. 
 Enter, from the house, PHILOCRATES, TYNDARUS, and SLAVES and CAPTIVES of HEGIO. A SLAVE If the immortal Gods have so willed it that you should undergo this affliction, it becomes you to endure it with equanimity; if you do so, your trouble will be lighter 
 Will be lighter : The English proverb corresponds with this: What can't be cured must be endured . . At home you were free men, I suppose; now if slavery has befallen you, 'tis a becoming way for you to put up with it, and by your dispositions to render it light, under a master's rule. Unworthy actions which a master does must be deemed worthy ones. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS Alas! alas! alas! A SLAVE There's no need for wailing; you cause much injury to your eyes. In adversity, if you use fortitude of mind, it is of service. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS But we are ashamed, because we are in bonds. A SLAVE But in the result it might cause vexation to our master, if he were to release you from chains, or allow you to be loose, whom he has purchased with his money. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS What does he fear from us? We know our duty, what it is, if he allows us to be loose. A SLAVE Why, you are meditating escape. I know what it is you are devising. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS We, make our escape? Whither should we escape? A SLAVE To your own country. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS Out upon you; it would ill befit us to be following the example of runaways. A SLAVE Why, faith, should there be an opportunity, I don't advise you not. PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS Do you allow us to make one request. A SLAVE What is it, pray? PHILOCRATES and TYNDARUS That you will give us an opportunity of conversing, without these and yourselves for overlookers. A SLAVE Be it so; go you away from here, you people. Let's step here, on one side. To the other CAPTIVES and SLAVES. But commence upon a short conversation only. PHILOCRATES O yes, it was my intention so to do. Step aside this way to TYNDARUS . A SLAVE to the other CAPTIVES . Stand apart from them. TYNDARUS to the SLAVE . We are both greatly obliged to you, by reason of your doing so, since you allow us to obtain what we are desirous of. PHILOCRATES Step here then, at a distance now, if you think fit, that no listeners may be enabled to overhear our discourse, and that this plan of ours mayn't be divulged before them for a stratagem is no stratagem, if you don't plan it with art but it is a very great misfortune if it becomes disclosed. For if you are my master, and I represent myself as your servant, still there's need of foresight, and need of caution, that this may be carried out discreetly and without overlookers, with carefulness and with cautious prudence and diligence. So great is the mutter that has been commenced upon; this must not be carried out in any drowsy fashion. TYNDARUS Just as you shall desire me to be, I will be. PHILOCRATES I trust so. TYNDARUS For now you see that for your precious life I'm setting at stake my own, as dear to me. PHILOCRATES I know it. TYNDARUS But remember to know it when you shall be enjoying that which you wish for; for mostly, the greatest part of mankind follow this fashion; what they wish for, until they obtain it, they are rightminded; but when they have now got it in their power, from being rightminded they become most deceitful, and most dishonest; now I do consider that you are towards me as I wish. What I advise you, I would advise my own father. PHILOCRATES I' faith, if I could venture, I would call you father; for next to my own father, you are my nearest father. TYNDARUS I understand. PHILOCRATES And therefore I remind you the more frequently, that you may remember it. I am not your master, but your servant; now this one thing I do beseech you. Inasmuch as the immortal Gods have disclosed to us their wishes, that they desire me to have once been your master, and now to be your fellow-captive; what formerly of my right I used to command you, now with entreaties do I beg of you, by our uncertain fortunes, and by the kindness of my father towards you, and by our common captivity, which has befallen us by the hand of the enemy, don't you pay me any greater respect than I did you when you were my slave; and don't you forget to remember who you were, and who you now are. TYNDARUS I know, indeed, that I now am you, and that you are I. PHILOCRATES Well, if you are able carefully to remember that, 1 have some hope in this scheme of ours. Enter HEGIO, from his house, speaking to those within. HEGIO I shall return in-doors just now, when I shall have discovered from these people what I want to know. To the SLAVES. Where are those persons whom I ordered to be brought out of doors here, before the house ? PHILOCRATES By my faith, I find that you have taken due precaution that we shouldn't be missed by you, so walled in are we with chains and keepers. HEGIO He that takes precaution that he mayn't be deceived, is hardly on his guard, even while he's taking precaution; even when he has supposed that he has taken every precaution, full often is this wary man outwitted. Was there not good reason, indeed, for me to watch you carefully, whom I purchased with so large a sum of ready money? PHILOCRATES Troth, it isn't fair for us to hold you to blame, because you watch us closely; nor yet for you us, if we go away hence, should there be an opportunity. HEGIO As you are here, so is my son a captive there among your people. PHILOCRATES He, a captive? HEGIO Even so. PHILOCRATES We, then, have not proved the only cowards The only cowards : He alludes to the notion in the heroic times, that it was the duty of a warrior to conquer or to die, and that it was disgraceful to be made prisoner. . HEGIO to PHILOCRATES, supposing him to be the SERVANT of the other . Step you aside this way, for there are some things that I wish to enquire of you in private, on which subjects I would have you not to be untruthful to me, They step aside. PHILOCRATES I will not be, as to that which I shall know; if I shall not know anything, that which I don't know I'll tell you of. TYNDARUS . aside . Now is the old fellow in the barber's shop; now, at this very instant, is Philocrates wielding the razor 
 Wielding the razor : It is hard to say whether by the word "cultros," in this passage, razors or scissors are meant. . He hasn't cared, indeed, to put on the barber's cloth 
 To put on the barber's cloth : He probably means by thus expression that Philocrates has made no preamble, and shown no hesitation, in commencing at once to dupe the old man. , so as not to soil his dress. But whether to say that he's going to shave him close, or trim him 
 Or trim him : He alludes here to the two kinds of shaving and trimming the beard used by the barbers among the ancients. The one was close "strictim," when they shaved to the skin; the other was, when with a pair of scissors they clipped the hair, with the interposition of a comb. The former fashion was called by the Greeks δκάφιον; the latter method, which was borrowed from the Persians, κῆπιος;. "Esse in tonstrinâ," "to be in the barber's shop," was a proverbial expression to denote "being imposed upon." Tyndarus is wondering to what extent Philocrates is going to impose upon Hegio. through the eomb 
 Through the comb : The Greeks and Romans made their combs of boxwood, much of which was imported from Paphlagonia. The Egyptians used them made of wood and of ivory, and toothed on one side only; while those of the Greeks had teeth on both sides. , I don't know; but if he's wise, he'll scrape him right well to the very quick. HEGIO to PHILOCRATES . Which would you? Would you prefer to be a slave, or a free man?—Tell me. PHILOCRATES That which is the nearest to good, and the furthest off from evil, do I prefer; although my servitude hasn't proved very grievous to me, nor has it been otherwise to me than if I had been a son in the family. TYNDARUS aside . Capital! I wouldn't purchase, at a talent's price even, Thales the Milesian Thales the Milesian : A talent would be a low price for such a learned slave as Thales the Milesian, who was one of the seven wise men of Greece. He says, however, that Thales at such a low price would be nothing in comparison with Philocrates for the same money. ; for compared with this man's wisdom, he was a very twaddler. How cleverly has he suited his language to the slave's condition. HEGIO Of what family is this Philocrates born? PHILOCRATES The Polyplusian 
 The Polyplusian : This word is coined by Philocrates for the occasion, as being the name of his family, from the Greek word πολμπλομσιὸς, "very wealthy;" probably with the idea of raising the expectations of Hegio and making him the more ready to promote an exchange of his own son for a member of so opulent a family. ; which one family is flourishing there, and held in highest esteem. >HEG. . What is he himself? In what esteem is he held there? PHILOCRATES In the highest, and that by the very highest men. HEGIO Since, then, he is held in such great respect among the Eleans, as you tell of, what substance has he?—Of large amount? PHILOCRATES Enough for him, even, when an old man, to be melting out the tallow 
 Melting out the tallow : Hegio asks him if his riches are very abundant, and in doing so uses the word "opimæ," of which the primary meaning was "fat;" the other answers, "Yes, so fat that he can be melting the tallow out of them even when he is an old man;" meaning thereby that he is amply provided with means. .
 HEGIO What is his father? Is he living? PHILOCRATES When we departed thence, we left him alive; whether he's living now or not, Orcus, forsooth, must know that. TYNDARUS aside . The matter's all right; he's not only lying, but he's even philosophizing now. HEGIO What's his name? PHILOCRATES Thesaurochrysonicocrœsides 
 Thesaurochrysonicocrœsides : This is a name made up of several Greek words, and seems to mean "a son of Crœsus, abounding in treasures of gold," in allusion to Crœsus, the wealthy king of Lydia. The author indulges m similar pleasantry in the Miles Gloriosus. . HEGIO That name has been given, I suppose, by reason of his wealth, as it were. PHILOCRATES Troth, not so, but rather by reason of his avarice and grasping disposition; for, indeed, he was Theodoromedes originally by name. HEGIO How say you? Is his father covetous? PHILOCRATES Aye, by my faith, he is covetous. Why, that you may even understand it the better,—when he's sacrificing at any time to his own Genius 
 To his own Genius : As the Genius of a man was not only his guardian Deity through life, but the word was also used to signify his capacity for enjoyment; the term "to sacrifice to his Genius," is supposed by some Commentators to mean, "to indulge the appetite in feasting and good checr." This, however, seems not to be the meaning in this instance; and he probably intends to be understood as alluding, literally, to the domestic sacrifice to the Genius , the vessels that are needed for the sacrifice he uses of Samian ware, lest the Genius himself should steal them; from this, consider how much he would trust other people. HEGIO addressing TYNDARUS as though PHILOCRATES . Do you then follow me this way. (Aside.) The things that I desire to know, I'll enquire of him. Addressing TYNDARUS. Philocrates, this person has done as it becomes an honest man to do. For from him I've learnt of what family you are sprung; he has confessed it to me. If you are willing to own these same things (which, however, understand that I already know from him), you will be doing it for your own advantage.
 TYNDARUS He did his duty when he confessed the truth to you, although, Hegio, I wished carefully to conceal both my rank and my wealth; now, inasmuch as I've lost my country and my liberty, I don't think it right for him to be dreading me rather than you. The might of warfare has made my fortunes on a level with himself. I remember the time when he didn't dare to do it in word; now, in deed, he is at liberty to offend me. But don't you see? Human fortune moulds and fashions just as she wills. Myself, who was a free man she has made a slave, from the very highest the very lowest. I, who was accustomed to command, now obey the mandates of another. And indeed, if I meet with a master just such as I proved the ruler in my own household, I shall not fear that he will rule me harshly or severely. With this, Hegio, I wished you to be acquainted, unless perchance you your self wish it not. HEGIO Speak boldly out. TYNDARUS As free a man was I till lately as your son. As much did a hostile hand deprive me of my liberty as him of his. As much is he a slave among my people, as I am now a slave here with yourself. There is undoubtedly a God, who both hears and sees the things which we do. Just as you shall treat me here, in the same degree will he have a care for him. To the well-deserving will he show favour, to the ill-deserving will he give a like return. As much as you lament your son, so much does my father lament me. HEGIO That I am aware of. But do you admit the same that lie has disclosed to me? TYNDARUS I confess that my father has very great wealth at home, and that I am born of a very noble family; but I entreat you, Hegio, let not my riches make your mind too prone to avarice, lest it should seem to my father, although I am his only son, more suitable that I should be a slave in your house, bountifully supplied at your expense and with your clothing, rather than be living the life of a beggar where 'twould be far from honorable. HEGIO By the favour of the Gods and of my forefathers, I am rich enough. I don't quite believe that every kind of gain is serviceable to mankind. I know that gain has already made many a man famous; and yet there are occasions when it is undoubtedly better to incur loss than to make gain. Gold I detest: many a one has it persuaded to many an evil course. Now give your attention to this, that you may know as well what my wishes are. My son, taken prisoner. is in servitude at Elis there among your people; if you restore him to me, don't you give me a single coin besides; both you and him, your servant, I'll send back from here; on no other terms can you depart hence. TYNDARUS You ask what's very right and very just, and you are the very kindest person of all mankind. But whether is he in servitude to a private person or to the public 
 Or to the public : Some captives were employed in the public service, while others fell into the hands of private individuals. ? HEGIO In private servitude to Menarchus, a physician. PHILOCRATES By my faith, that person's surely his father's dependant. Why really, that's down as pat for you, as the shower is when it rains. HEGIO Do you then cause this person, my son, to be redeemed. TYNDARUS I'll do so: but this I beg of you, Hegio— HEGIO Whatever you wish, so that you request nothing against my interest, I'll do. TYNDARUS Listen then, and you'll know. I don't ask for myself to be released, until he has returned. But I beg of you to give me him pointing to PHILOCRATES with a price set 
 With a price set : "Æstimatus" here means "entrusted to a person at a fixed value, and at his risk for the due return of it." upon him, that I may send him to my father, that this person, your son, may be redeemed there. HEGIO Why no; I'd rather send another person hence, when there shall be a truce, to confer with your father there, and to carry your injunctions which you shall entrust him with, just as you wish. TYNDARUS But it's of no use to send to him one that he doesn't know; you'd be losing your labour. Send this person; he'll have it all completed, if he gets there. And you cannot send any person to him more faithful, nor one in whom he places more confidence, nor who is more a servant after his own mind; nor, in fact, one to whom he would more readily entrust your son. Have no fears; at my own peril I'll make proof of his fidelity, relying upon his disposition; because he is sensible that I'm kindly disposed towards him.
 HEGIO Well then, I'll send him with a price set upon him, on the surety of your promise, if you wish it. TYNDARUS I do wish it; so soon as ever it can, I want this matter to be brought to completion. HEGIO What reason is there, then, that if he doesn't return, you should not pay me twenty minæ for him? TYNDARUS Yes—very good. HEGIO to the SLAVES, who obey . Release him now forthwith; and, indeed, both of them. On being released, PHILOCRATES goes into the house. TYNDARUS May all the Gods grant you all your desires, since you have deigned me honor so great, and since you release me from my chains. Really, this is not so irksome now, since my neck is free from the collar-chain. HEGIO The kindnesses that are done to the good, thanks for the same are pregnant with blessings. Now, if you are about to send him thither, direct, instruct him, give him the orders which you wish to be carried to your father. Should you like me to call him to you? TYNDARUS Do call him. HEGIO goes to the door, and calls PHILOCRATES. 
 Enter PHILOCRATES, from the house HEGIO May this affair turn out happily for myself and for my son, and for yourselves. To PHILOCRATES. Your new master wishes you to pay faithful obedience to your former owner in what he wishes. For I have presented you to him, with the price of twenty minæ set upon you: and he says that he is desirous to send you away hence to his father, that he may there redeem my son, and that an exchange may be made between me and him for our respective sons. PHILOCRATES My disposition takes its course straight in either direction, both to yourself and to him; as a wheel 
 As a wheel : This may either mean the wheel of a vehicle or a potter's wheel. The wheels used by the ancients revolved on the axle, as in the carriages of modern times, and were prevented, by pins inserted, from falling off They consisted of naves, spokes, which varied much in number, the felly, or wooden circumference, made of elastic wood, such as the poplar and wild fig, and composed of several segments united, and the tire, which was of metal. Some of their carts and waggons had wheels made of a solid circle of wood, in shape like a millstone, with the axle running through the middle. Similar wheels are used in the south of Europe at the present day. you may make use of me; either this way or that can I be turned, whichever way you shall command me. HEGIO You yourself profit the most from your own disposition, when you endure slavery just as it ought to be endured. Follow me. (To TYNDARUS.) See here's your man. TYNDARUS I return you thanks, since you give me this opportunity and permission to send this messenger to my parents, who may relate all the matter in its order to my father, what I'm doing here, and what I wish to be done. To PHILOCRATES. Now, Tyndarus, thus is it arranged between myself and him, that I'm to send you, valued at a fixed price, to my father in Elis; so that, if you don't return hither, I'm to give twenty minæ for you. PHILOCRATES I think that you've come to a right understanding. For your father expects either myself or some messenger to come from here to him. TYNDARUS I wish you, then, to mind what message it is I want you to carry hence to my country to my father. PHILOCRATES Philocrates, as up to this moment I have done, I will take all due care to endeavour that which may especially conduce to your interest, and to pursue the same with heart and soul, and with my ears. TYNDARUS You act just as you ought to act; now I wish you to give attention. In the first place of all, carry my respects to my mother and my father, and to my relations, and if any one else you see well-disposed towards me: say that I am in health here, and that I am a slave, in servitude to this most worthy man, who has ever honored me more and more with his respect, and does so still. PHILOCRATES Don't you be instructing me as to that; I can, still, easily bear that in mind. TYNDARUS For, indeed, except that I have a keeper, I deem myself to be a free man. Tell my father on what terms I have agreed with this party about his son. PHILOCRATES What I remember, it is sheer delay to be putting me in mind of. TYNDARUS To redeem him, and to send him back here in exchange for both of us. PHILOCRATES I'll remember it. HEGIO But as soon as he can that is especially to the interest of us both.
 PHILOCRATES You are not more anxious to see your son, than he is to see his. HEGIO My son is dear to myself, and his own to every man. PHILOCRATES to TYNDARUS . Do you wish any other message to be carried to your father? TYNDARUS Say that I am well here; and do you boldly tell him, Tyndarus, that we have been of dispositions for uninterrupted harmony between ourselves, and that you have neither been deserving of censure, nor that I have proved your enemy; and that still, amid miseries so great, you have shown implicit obedience to your master, and that you have never abandoned me, either in deed or in fidelity, amid my wavering, unprosperous fortunes. When my father shall know this, Tyndarus, how well-disposed you have proved towards his son and himself, he will never be so avaricious but that he'll give you your liberty for nothing. And by my own endeavours, if I return hence, I'll make him do so the more readily. For by your aid and kindness, and good disposition and prudence, you have caused me to be allowed to return to my parents once again, inasmuch as to Hegio you have confessed both my rank and my wealth; by means of which, through your wisdom, you have liberated your master from his chains. PHILOCRATES The things which you mention I have done, and I am pleased that you remember this. Deservedly have they been done for you by me; for now, Philocrates, if I, too, were to mention the things that you have kindly done for me, the night would cut short the day. For, had you been my slave even, no otherwise were you always obliging to me. HEGIO Ye Gods, by our trust in you! behold the kindly disposition of these persons! How they draw the very tears from me! See how cordially they love each other, and with what praises the servant has commended his master. PHILOCRATES I' troth, he hasn't commended me the one hundredth part of what he himself deserves to be commended in my praises. HEGIO to PHILOCRATES . Since, then, you have acted most becomingly, now there's an opportunity to add to your good deeds in managing this matter with fidelity towards him. PHILOCRATES I am not able more to wish it done, than by my endeavours to try to bring it about. That you may know this, Hegio, with praises do I call supreme Jove to witness that I will not prove unfaithful to Philocrates 
 Unfaithful to Philocrates : Philocrates might very safely take an oath to Hegio, that he would not prove unfaithful to himself. — HEGIO You are a worthy fellow. PHILOCRATES And that I will never in anything act otherwise towards him than towards my own self. TYNDARUS I wish you to put these speeches to the test, both by your deeds and your actions; and inasmuch as I have said the less about you than I had wished, I wish you the more to give me your attention, and take you care not to be angry with me by reason of these words. But, I beseech you, reflect that you are sent hence home with a price set upon you at my risk, and that my life is here left as a pledge for you. Do not you forget me the very moment that you have left my presence, since you will have left me here behind a captive in captivity for yourself, and don't consider yourself as free, and forsake your pledge 
 Forsake your pledge : Alluding to himself being left behind, and a surety for his speedy return. , and not use your endeavours for you to bring his son home again, in return for me. Understand that you are sent hence valued at twenty minæ. Take care to prove scrupulously faithful; take care that you show not a wavering fidelity. For my father, I am sure, will do everything that he ought to do. Preserve me as a constant friend to you, and find out 
 And find out : "Atque hunc inventum inveni." Some would render this, "And find this person still as you have found him," making it allude to Hegio; it seems, however, rather to apply to the son of Hegio, and to mean, "Do you seek out this person whom we have found out to be in the possession of the physician, Menarchus." this person so lately discovered. These things, by your right hand, holding you with my own right hand, do I beg of you; do not prove less true to me than I have proved to you. This matter do you attend to; you are now my master, you my patron, you my father; to you do I commend my hopes and my fortunes. PHILOCRATES You have given injunctions enough. Are you satisfied if I bring back accomplished what you have enjoined? TYNDARUS Satisfied. PHILOCRATES to HEGIO . According to your wishes, and to TYNDARUS according to yours, will I return hither provided. Is there anything else?
 TYNDARUS For you to return back as soon as ever you can. PHILOCRATES The business itself reminds me of that. HEGIO to PHILOCRATES . Follow me, that I may give you your expenses for the journey at my banker's; on the same occasion I'll get a passport from the Prætor. TYNDARUS What passport 
 What passport? : Being conscious of the trick which they are playing on the worthy old man, Tyndarus shows some alarm on hearing a passport, or "syngraphus," mentioned. Commentators are at a loss to know why he should express such alarm. It is difficult to say, but, probably, as there was in the passport a description of the bearer, who would be Philocrates under the name of Tyndarus, it suddenly comes to the recollection of Tyndarus that they were originally made prisoners under their proper names, and that possibly Philocrates may be recognized as attempting to pass under an assumed name. ? HEGIO For him to take with him hence to the army, that he may be allowed to go home from here. To TYNDARUS. You go in-doors. TYNDARUS Speed you well. PHILOCRATES Right heartily, farewell. TYNDARUS goes into the house. 
 HEGIO aside . I' faith, I compassed my design, when I purchased these men of the Quæstors out of the spoil. I have released my son from slavery, if so it pleases the Gods; and yet I hesitated a long time whether I should purchase or should not purchase these persons. Watch that man indoors, if you please, you servants, that he may nowhere move a foot without a guard. I shall soon make my appearance at home; now I'm going to my brother's, to see my other captives; at the same time I'll enquire whether any one knows this young man. To PHILOCRATES. Do you follow, that I may despatch you. I wish attention first to be paid to that matter. (Exeunt.) 
 Enter ERGASILUS. ERGASILUS Wretched is that man who is in search of something to eat, and finds that with difficulty; but more wretched is he who both seeks with difficulty, and finds nothing at all; most wretched is he, who, when he desires to eat, has not that which he may eat. But, by my faith, if I only could, I'd willingly tear out the eyes of this day;—with such enmity has it filled all people towards me. One more starved out I never did see, nor one more filled with hunger 
 Filled with hunger : This paradoxical expression is similar to the one used in the Aulularia, l. 45, "inaniis oppletæ," "filled with emptiness." , nor one who prospers less in whatever he begins to do. So much do my stomach and my throat take rest on these fasting holidays 
 Fasting holidays : He means to say, that as on feast days and holidays people abstain from work, so at present his teeth and stomach have no employment. . Away with the profession of a Parasite to very utter and extreme perdition! so much in these days do the young men drive away from them the needy drolls. They care nothing now-a-days for these Laconian men 
 These Laconian men : The Parasites, when there was not room for them on the "triclinia," or "couches" at table, were forced to sit on "subsellia," or "benches," at the bottom of the table. This was like the custom of the Spartans, or Laconians, who, eschewing the luxury of reclining, always persisted in sitting at meals. The Spartans, also, endured pain with the greatest firmness; a virtue much required by Parasites, in order to put up with the indignities which they had to endure from the guests, who daubed their faces, broke pots about their heads, and boxed their ears. of the lowest benches—these whipping-posts, who have their clever sayings without provision and without money. They now-a-days seek those who, when they've eaten at their pleasure, may give them a return at their own houses. They go themselves to market, which formerly was the province of the Parasites. They go themselves from the Forum to the procurers with face as exposed 
 With face as exposed : People, with any sense of decency, would resort to these places either in masks, or with a hood thrown over the face. as the magistrates in court 
 In court : "In tribu." He alludes to the trials which took place before the Roman people in the "Comitia Tributa," or "assemblies of the tribes," where the Tribunes and Ædiles acted as the accusers. The offences for which persons were summoned before the tribes, were, bad conduct of a magistrate in performance of his duties, neglect of duty, mismanagement of a war, embezzlement of the public money, breaches of the peace, usury, adultery, and some other crimes. The "Comitia Tributa" were used as courts of appeal, when a person protested against a fine imposed by a magistrate. , with face exposed, condemn those who are found guilty; nor do they now value buffoons at one farthing 
 At one farthing : Literally, "at a teruncius," which was a small coin among the Romans, containing three "unciæ," "twelfth parts" or one quarter of the "as," which we generally take as equivalent to a penny. ; all are so much in love with themselves. For, when, just now, I went away from here, I came to some young men in the Forum: "Good morrow," said I; "whither are we going together to breakfast?" On this, they were silent. "Who says, 'here, at my house,' or who makes an offer?" said I. Just like dumb men, they were silent, and didn't smile at me. "Where do we dine?" said I. On this they declined. I said one funny saying out of my best bon mots, by which I formerly used to get feasting for a month; not an individual smiled; at once I knew that the matter was arranged by concert. Not even one was willing to imitate a dog when provoked; if they didn't laugh, they might, at least, have grinned with their teeth 
 Grinned with their teeth : That is, by showing their teeth and grinning. This is not unlike the expression used in the Psalms (according to the translation in our Liturgy) — Ps. lix., ver. 6 —"They grin like a dog and run about through the city." . From them I went away, after I saw that I was thus made sport of. I went to some others; then to some others I came; then to some others—the same the result. All treat the matter in confederacy, just like the oil-merchants in the Velabrum 
 In the Velabrum : The "Via Nova," or "New Street," at Rome, led from the interior of the city to the "Velabra." The greater and the less "Velabrum" lay between the Palatine and the Capitoline Hills, where fruits and other commodities were sold in booths, or under awnings, from which ("vela") the streets probably derived their name. Varro, however, says that they were so called from the verb "veho," "to carry;" because in early times those spots were traversed in boats, which mode of carriage was called "velatura." From the present passage, it appears that the oil-merchants in the "Velabra" acted in confederacy not to sell their oils under a certain price. . Now, I've returned thence, since I see myself made sport of there. In like manner do other Parasites walk to and fro, to no purpose, in the Forum. Now, after the foreign fashion 
 After the foreign fashion : Some suppose that "barbaricâ "lege" here means "the foreign" or "Roman law," and that he refers to the "Lex Vinnia, introduced at Rome by Quintus Vinnius, which was said to have been passed against those persons who confederated for the purpose of keeping up the high prices of provisions. It is, however, somewhat doubtful if there really was such a law; and the better opinion seems to be that the word "lege" means "fashion" or "custom;" and that he refers to the Roman method of trial. He will accuse his former entertainers of a conspiracy to starve him. He will name a day for trial, "diem dicet;" he will demand damages or a penalty. "irrogabit mulctam;" and thus will he proceed at law against them, "sic egerit." Rost has written at great length on the meaning of this passage. , I'm determined to enforce all my rights. Those who have entered into a confederacy, by which to deprive us of food and life,—for them I'll name a day. I'll demand, as the damages, that they shall give me ten dinners at my own option, when provisions are dear: thus will I do. Now I'll go hence to the harbour. There, is my only hope of a dinner; if that shall fail me, I'll return here to the old gentleman, to his unsavoury dinner. Enter HEGIO and ARISTOPHONTES. HEGIO to himself . What is there more delightful than to manage one's own interests well for the public good For the public good : It is possible that he may here refer to his purchase of Philocrates, whose high position among the Eleans would probably tend, on his return to his native country, to promote peace between it and the people of Ætolia. , just as I did yesterday, when I purchased these men. Every person, as they see me, comes to meet me, and congratulates me on this matter. By thus stopping and detaining unlucky me, they've made me quite tired. With much ado have I survived With much ado have I survived : " Vix eminebam ." Literally, "I hardly kept myself above" water. He means that he was almost overpowered by the crowds of people congratulating him. from being congratulated, to my misfortune. At last, to the Prætor did I get. There, scarcely did I rest myself. I asked for a passport; it was given me: at once I delivered it to Tyndarus. He started for home. Thence, straightway, after that was done, I passed by my house; and I went at once to my brother's, where my other captives are. I asked about Philocrates from Elis, whether any one of them all knew the person. This man pointing to ARISTOPHONTES called out that he had been his intimate friend; I told him that he was at my house. At once he besought and entreated me that I would permit him to see him. Forthwith I ordered him to be released from chains. Thence have I come. To ARISTOPHONTES. Now, do you follow me, that you may obtain what you have besought of me, the opportunity of meeting with this person. They go into the house. 
 Enter TYNDARUS, from the house. TYNDARUS Now stands the matter so, that I would much rather that I had once existed, than that I still exist; now do my hopes, my resources, and my succour, desert me and spurn themselves. This is that day, when, for my life, no safety can be hoped; nor yet is death my end; nor hope is there, in fact, to dispel this fear for me; nor cloak have I anywhere for my deceitful stratagems; nor for my devices or my subterfuges is there anywhere a screen presented to me. No deprecating is there for my perfidy; no means of flight for my offences. No refuge is there anywhere for my trusting; and no escape for my cunning schemes. What was concealed is now exposed; my plans are now divulged. The whole matter is now laid open; nor is there any ado about this matter, but that I must perish outright, and meet with destruction, both on behalf of my master and myself. This Aristophontes has proved my ruin, who has just now come into the house. He knows me. He is the intimate friend and kinsman of Philocrates. Not Salvation herself 
 Not Salvation herself : This was a proverbial expression among the Romans. "Salus," "Safety" or "Salvation," was worshipped as a Goddess at Rome. It is well observed, in Thornton's translation, that the word "Salus" may, without irreverence, be translated "Salvation," on no less authority than that of Archbishop Tillotson. "If," says he, "men will continue in their sins, the redemption brought by Christ will be of no advantage to them; such as obstinately persist in an impenitent course," "ipsa si velit Salus, servare non potest," "Salvation itself cannot save them." can save me now, even if she wishes; nor have I any means of escape, unless, perchance, I devise some artifice in my mind. He meditates. Plague on it!-how? What can I contrive?—what can I think of? Some very great folly and trifling I shall have to begin with. I'm quite at a loss. He retires aside. 
 Enter HEGIO, ARISTOPHONTES, and SLAVES, from the house HEGIO Whither am I to say, now, that this man has betaken himself from the house out of doors? TYNDARUS apart . Now, for a very certainty, I'm done for; the enemies are coming to you, Tyndarus! What shall I say?—what shall I talk of? What shall I deny, or what confess? All matters are reduced to uncertainty. How shall I place confidence in my resources? I wish the Gods had destroyed you, before you were lost to your own country, Aristophontes, who, from a plot well concerted, are making it disconcerted. This plan is ruined outright, unless I find out for myself some extremely bold device. HEGIO to ARISTOPHONTES . Follow me. See, there is the man; go to him and address him.
 TYNDARUS aside, and turning away . What mortal among mortals is there more wretched than myself? ARISTOPHONTES coming up to him . Why's this, that I'm to say that you are avoiding my gaze, Tyndarus? And why that you are slighting me as a stranger, as though you had never known me? Why, I'm as much a slave as yourself; although at home I was a free man, you, even from your childhood, have always served in slavery in Elis. HEGIO I' faith, I'm very little surprised, if either he does avoid your gaze, or if he does shun you, who are calling him Tyndarus, instead of Philocrates. TYNDARUS Hegio, this person was accounted a madman in Elis. Don't you give ear to what he prates about; for at home he has pursued his father and mother with spears, and that malady sometimes comes upon him which is spit out 
 Which is spit out : Some would render the words "qui sputatur" "which is spit upon," and fancy that they find authorities in the ancient writers for thinking that epilepsy was treated by spitting upon the patient. However, it seems much more probable, that the notion was that epilepsy was cured by the patient himself spitting out the noxious saliva; and that the word "sputatur" means, "is spit out," i. e. "is cured by spitting." Celsus thus describes the "comitialis morbus," "epilepsy," or "falling sickness:" "The person seized, suddenly falls down; foam drops from the mouth; then, after a little time, he comes to himself, and gets up again without any assistance." Pliny, in his Natural History, B. 38, c. 4, says: "Despuimus comitiales morbos, hoc est, contagia regerimus," "We spit out the epilepsy, that is, we avert the contagion." This is said, probably, in reference to a belief, that on seeing an epileptic person, if we spit, we shall avoid the contagion; but it by no means follows that the person so doing must spit upon the epileptic person. We read in the first Book of Samuel, ch. xxi., ver. 12: "And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid of Achish, the King of Gath. And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down on his beard." He probably pretended to be attacked with epileptic fits. In fact, after due examination, there seems little doubt that it was a common notion with the ancients that the distemper was discharged with the saliva. Do you this instant stand away at a distance from him. HEGIO to the SLAVES . Away with him further off from me. ARISTOPHONTES Do you say, you whipp'd knave, that I am mad, and do you declare that I have followed my own father with spears? And that I have that malady, that it's necessary for me to be spit upon 
 To be spit upon : Aristophontes has understood the words, "qui sputatur," in the sense of "which is spit upon," and asks Tyndarus if he affirms that he is afflicted with a disease which requires such treatment. Hegio, to pacify him, and to show off his medical knowledge, tells him that it has proved beneficial in some diseases to be so treated; but he does not go so far as to say what those diseases were. One malady, called "herpes," or "spreading ulcer," was said to be highly contagious, but capable of being cured by applications of saliva. Some Commentators here quote the method which our Saviour adopted in curing the blind man at Bethsaida: "And he took the blind man by the hand, and led him out of the town: and when he had spat on his eyes and put his hands upon him, he asked him if he saw aught." St. Mark, ch. viii., ver. 23. And again, the account given in the ninth chapter of St. John, ver. 6: "When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay." It may be possible that our Saviour thought fit to adopt these forms, in imitation of some of the methods of treating diseases in those times; though, of course, his transcendant power did not require their agency Rost, in his Commentaries on Plautus, has a very learned disquisition on the meaning of the present passage. ?
 HEGIO Don't be dismayed; that malady afflicts many a person to whom it has proved wholesome to be spit upon, and has been of service to them. ARISTOPHONTES Why, what do you say? Do you, too, credit him? HEGIO Credit him in what? ARISTOPHONTES That I am mad? TYNDARUS Do you see him, with what a furious aspect he's looking at you? 'Twere best to retire, Hegio; it is as I said, his frenzy grows apace; have a care for yourself. HEGIO I thought that he was mad, the moment that he called you Tyndarus. TYNDARUS Why, he's sometimes ignorant of his own name, and doesn't know what it is. HEGIO But he even said that you were his intimate friend. TYNDARUS So far from that, I never saw him. Why, really, Alcmæon, and Orestes, and Lycurgus 
 Alcmæon, and Orestes, and Lycurgus : He alludes to these three persons as being three of the most celebrated men of antiquity that were attacked with frenzy. Orestes slew his mother, Clytemnestra; Alcmæon killed his mother, Eriphyle; and Lycurgus, King of Thrace, on slighting the worship of Bacchus, was afflicted with madness, in a fit of which he hewed off his own legs with a hatchet. besides, are my friends on the same principle that he is. ARISTOPHONTES Villain, and do you dare speak ill of me, as well? Do I not know you? HEGIO I' faith, it really is very clear that you don't know him, who are calling him Tyndarus, instead of Philocrates. Him whom you see, you don't know; you are addressing him as the person whom you don't see.
 ARISTOPHONTES On the contrary this fellow's saying that he is the person who he is not; and he says that he is not the person who he really is. TYNDARUS You've been found, of course, to excel Philocrates in truthfulness. ARISTOPHONTES By my troth, as I understand the matter, you've been found to brazen out the truth by lying. But i' faith, prithee, come then, look at me. TYNDARUS looking at him . Well! ARIST. Say, now; do you deny that you are Tyndarus? TYNDARUS I do deny it, I say. ARISTOPHONTES Do you say that you are Philocrates? TYNDARUS I do say so, I say. ARISTOPHONTES to HEGIO . And do you believe him? HEGIO More, indeed, than either you or myself. For he, in fact, who you say that he is pointing to TYNDARUS , has set out hence to-day for Elis, to this person's father. ARISTOPHONTES What father, when he's a slave 
 When he's a slave : Slaves were not considered to have any legal existence; and, therefore, to have neither parents or relations. . TYNDARUS And so are you a slave, and yet you were a free man; and I trust that so I shall be, if I restore his son here to liberty. ARISTOPHONTES How say you, villain? Do you say that you were born a free man [liber]? TYNDARUS > I really do not say that I am Liber 
 That I am Liber : Aristophontes asks him if he means to assert that he was born a free man, "liber." As "Liber" was also a name of Bacchus, Tyndarus quibbles, and says, "I did not assert that I am Liber, but that I am Philocrates." In consequence of the idiom of the Latin language, his answer (non equidem me Liberum, sed Philocratem esse aio) will admit of another quibble, and may be read as meaning, "I did not say that I am a free man, but that Philocrates is." This maybe readily seen by the Latin scholar, but is not so easily explained to the English reader. , but that I am Philocrates. ARISTOPHONTES How's this? How this scoundrel, Hegio, is making sport of you now. For he's a slave himself, and never, except his own self, had he a slave. TYNDARUS Because you yourself are destitute in your own country, and haven't whereon to live at home, you wish all to be found like to yourself; you don't do anything surprising. 'Tis the nature of the distressed to be ill-disposed, and to envy the fortunate.
 ARISTOPHONTES Hegio, take you care, please, that you don't persist in rashly placing confidence in this man; for so far as I see, he is certainly now putting some device in execution, in saying that he is redeeming your son from captivity; that is by no means satisfactory to me. TYNDARUS I know that you don't wish that to be done; still I shall effect it, if the Gods assist me. I shall bring him back here, and he will restore me to my father, in Elis. For that purpose have I sent Tyndarus hence to my father. ARISTOPHONTES Why, you yourself are he; nor is there any slave in Elis of that name, except yourself. TYNDARUS Do you persist in reproaching me with being a slave—a thing that has befallen me through the fortune of war? ARISTOPHONTES Really, now, I cannot contain myself. TYNDARUS to HEGIO . Ha! don't you hear him? Why don't you take to flight? He'll be pelting us just now with stones there, unless you order him to be seized. ARISTOPHONTES I'm distracted. TYNDARUS His eyes strike fire; there's need of a rope, Hegio. Don't you see how his body is spotted all over with livid spots? Black bile 
 Black bile : A superabundance of the bile was supposed to be productive of melancholy madness. The word "melancholy" is from the Greek μελαγχολιὰ, "black bile." is disordering the man. ARISTOPHONTES And, by my faith, if this old gentleman is wise, black pitch 
 Black pitch : He alludes to a frightful punishment inflicted upon malefactors by the Romans. They were either smeared over with burning pitch, or were first covered with pitch, which was then set fire to. This punishment is supposed to have been often inflicted upon the early Christians. Juvenal alludes to it in his First Satire, l. 155: Pone Tigellinum, tædâ lucebis in illâ, Quâ stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fumant. 
Describe Tigellinus [an infamous minister of Nero], "and you shall give a light by those torches, in which those stand and burn who send forth smoke with a stake driven into their throat." will be disordering you with the executioner, and giving a light to your head. TYNDARUS He's now talking in his fit of delirium; sprites are in possession of the man. HEGIO By my troth, suppose I order him to be seized? TYNDARUS You would be acting more wisely. ARISTOPHONTES I'm vexed that I haven't a stone, to knock out the brains of that whip-scoundrel, who's driving me to madness by his taunts. TYNDARUS Don't you hear that he's looking for a stone? ARISTOPHONTES I wish to speak with you alone, separately, Hegio. HEGIO Speak from where you are, if you want anything; though at a distance, I shall hear you. TYNDARUS Yes, for, by my faith, if you approach nearer, he'll be taking your nose off with his teeth. ARISTOPHONTES By heavens, Hegio, don't you believe that I am mad, or that I ever was so, or that I have the malady which that fellow avers. But if you fear anything from me, order me to be bound; I wish it, so long as that fellow is bound as well. TYNDARUS Why really, Hegio, rather let him be bound that wishes it. ARISTOPHONTES Now hold your tongue! I'll make you, you false Philocrates, to be found out this day to be a real Tyndarus. Why are you making signs 
 Why are you making signs : Abnutas. The verb "abnuto" means, "to nod to a person that he may desist." Tyndarus thinks that by this time Aristophontes must surely understand the plan that has been devised for the escape of Philocrates; and, as he is about to step aside to speak with Hegio, he makes a sign, requesting him to stop short in his contradiction of what he has asserted. at me? TYNDARUS I, making signs at you? To HEGIO. What would he do, if you were at a greater distance off? HEGIO What do you say? What if I approach this madman? TYNDARUS Nonsense; you'll be made a fool of; he'll be prating stuff, to you, neither the feet nor the head of which will ever be visible. The dress only 
 The dress only : By "ornamenta" he means the dress of Tragedy. The dresses of Comedy were essentially different from those of Tragedy. He means to say, "the man is mad; if he had only the Tragic garb on, you might take him for Ajax Telamon in his frenzy." On being refused the arms of Achilles, Ajax became mad, and slaughtered a flock of sheep fancying that they were Ulysses and the sons of Atreus. is wanting; in seeing this man, you behold Ajax himself. HEGIO I don't care; still I'll approach him. Advances to ARISTOPHONTES. 
 TYNDARUS aside . Now am I utterly undone; now between the sacrifice and the stone The sacrifice and the stone : We learn from Livy, that in the most ancient times the animal for sacrifice was killed by being struck with a stone; to stand between the victim and the stone, would consequently imply, to be in a position of extreme danger. do I stand, nor know I what to do. HEGIO I lend you my attention, Aristophontes, if there is anything that you would wish with me. ARISTOPHONTES From me you shall hear that truth, which now you think to be false, Hegio. But I wish, in the first place, to clear myself from this with you—that madness does not possess me, and that I have no malady, except that I am in captivity; and, so may the King of Gods and of men make me to regain my native land, that fellow there is no more Philocrates than either I or you. HEGIO Come, then, tell me who he is? ARISTOPHONTES He whom I've told you all along from the beginning. If you shall find him any other than that person, I show no cause why I shouldn't suffer the loss with you both of my parents and of my liberty for ever. HEGIO to TYNDARUS . What say you to this? TYNDARUS That I am your slave, and you my master. HEGIO I didn't ask that—were you a free man? TYNDARUS I was. ARISTOPHONTES But he really wasn't; he is deceiving you. TYNDARUS How do you know? Were you, perchance, the midwife of my mother, since you dare to affirm this so boldly? ARISTOPHONTES When a boy, I saw yourself, a boy. TYNDARUS But, grown up, I now see you grown up; so, there's for you, in return. If you did right, you wouldn't be troubling yourself about my concerns; do I trouble myself about yours? HEGIO Was his father called Thesaurochrysonicocrœsides? ARISTOPHONTES He was not; and I never heard that name before this day. Theodoromedes was the father of Philocrates. TYNDARUS aside . I'm downright undone. Why don't you be quiet, heart of mine? Go and be stretched, and hang yourself; you are throbbing so, that unfortunate I can hardly stand up for my fear. HEGIO Is a full assurance given me that this was a slave in Elis, and that he is not Philocrates?
 ARISTOPHONTES So fully, that you will never find this to be otherwise; but where is he 
 But where is he : Tyndarus has probably betaken himself to some corner of the stage, and Aristophontes misses him from his former position. now? HEGIO Where I the least, and he the most could wish himself. In consequence, then, I'm cut asunder 
 Cut asunder : "Deruncinatus" means, literally, cut asunder with a "runcina," or "saw." , disjointed, to my sorrow, by the devices of this scoundrel, who has bamboozled me by his tricks just as he has thought fit. But do, please, have a care that you are right. ARISTOPHONTES Why, I assure you of this, as an ascertained and established fact. HEGIO For certain? ARISTOPHONTES Why, nothing, I say, will you find more certain than this certainty. Philocrates, from when a boy, has ever since that time been my friend. HEGIO But of what appearance is your friend Philocrates? ARISTOPHONTES I'll tell you: with a thin face, sharp nose, light hair, dark eyes, somewhat ruddy, with hair rather crisp and curling, HEGIO The description is like. TYNDARUS aside . Aye, so much so, indeed, that I've this day, much to my sorrow, got into the midst of this, i' faith. Woe to those unfortunate rods which this day will be meeting their end upon my back. HEGIO I see that I've been imposed upon. TYNDARUS aside . Why, fetters, do you delay to run towards me and to embrace my legs, that I may have you in custody? >HEG. And have these two rascally captives really deceived me this day with their tricks? The other one pretended that he was the servant, and this one that he himself was the master. I've lost the kernel; for a security, I've left the shell. To such a degree have they imposed upon me 
 Have they imposed upon me : "Os sublevere offuciis." Literally "painted my face with varnish." This expression is probably derived from the practice of persons concealing, their defects, by painting over spots or freckles in the face for the purpose of hiding them. , both on this side and that, with their trickeries. Still, this fellow shall never have the laugh against me. Colaphus, Cordalio, Corax 
 Colaphus, Cordalio, Corax : These are the names of slaves Colaphus" means, also, "a blow with the fist." "Corax" was the Greek name for a "crow," and was probably given to a black slave. 
 to the SLAVES , go you away and bring out the thongs.
 A SLAVE Are we to be sent to gather faggots 
 To gather faggots : He asks this question Because cords, "lora, were necessary for the purpose of binding up faggots. ? The SLAVES go and bring the thongs from the house. 
 HEGIO, TYNDARUS, ARISTOPHONTES, and SLAVES HEGIO to the SLAVES . Put the manacles on this whipp'd villain. TYNDARUS whilst the SLAVES are fastening him . What's the matter? What have I done wrong? HEGIO Do you ask the question? You weeder and sower of villanies, and in especial their reaper. TYNDARUS Ought you not to have ventured to say the harrower first? For countrymen always harrow before they weed. HEGIO Why, with what assurance he stands before me. TYNDARUS It's proper for a servant, innocent and guiltless, to be full of confidence, most especially before his master. HEGIO to the SLATES . Bind this fellow's hands tightly, will you. TYNDARUS I am your own—do you command them to be cut off even. But what is the matter on account of which you blame me? HEGIO Because me and my fortunes, so far as in you singly lay, by your rascally and knavish stratagems you have rent in pieces, and have distracted my affairs and spoiled all my resources and my plans, in that you've thus robbed me of Philocrates by your devices, I thought that he was the slave, you the free man. So did you say yourselves, and in this way did you change names between you. TYNDARUS I confess that all was done so, as you say, and that by a stratagem he has got away from you, through my aid and cleverness; and prithee, now, do you blame me for that, i' faith? HEGIO Why, it has been done with your extreme torture for the consequence. TYNDARUS So I don't die by reason of my misdeeds, I care but little. If I do die here, then he returns not, as he said he would; but when I'm dead, this act will be remembered to my honor, that I caused my captive master to return from slavery and the foe, a free man, to his father in his native land; and that I preferred rather to expose my own life to peril, than that he should be undone. HEGIO Take care, then, to enjoy that fame at Acheron. TYNDARUS He who dies for virtue's sake, still does not perish. HEGIO When I've tortured you in the most severe manner, and for your schemes put you to death, let them say either that you have perished or that you have died; so long as you do die, I don't think it matters if they say you live. TYNDARUS I' faith, if you do do so, you'll do it not without retribution, if he shall return here, as I trust that he will return. ARISTOPHONTES aside . O ye immortal Gods! I understand it now; now I know what the case really is. My friend Philocrates is at liberty with his father, in his native land. 'Tis well; nor have I any person to whom I could so readily wish well. But this thing grieves me, that I've done this person a bad turn, who now on account of me and my talking is in chains. HEGIO to TYNDARUS . Did I not forbid you this day to utter anything false to me? TYNDARUS You did forbid me. HEGIO Why did you dare to tell me lies? TYNDARUS Because the truth would have prejudiced him whom I was serving; now falsehood has advantaged him. HEGIO But it will prejudice yourself. TYNDARUS 'Tis very good. Still, I have saved my master, whom I rejoice at being saved, to whom my elder master had assigned me as a protector. But do you think that this was wrongly done? HEGIO Most wrongfully. TYNDARUS But I, who disagree with you, say, rightly. For consider, if any slave of yours had done this for your son, what thanks you would have given him. Would you have given that slave his freedom or not? Would not that slave have been in highest esteem with you? Answer me that. HEGIO I think so. TYNDARUS Why, then, are you angry with me? HEGIO Because you have proved more faithful to him than to myself. TYNDARUS How now? Did you expect, in a single night and day, for yourself to teach me—a person just made captive, a recent slave, and in his noviciate—that I should rather consult your interest than his, with whom from childhood I have passed my life?
 HEGIO Seek, then, thanks from him for that. To the SLAVES. Take him where he may receive weighty and thick fetters, thence, after that, you shall go to the quarries for cutting stone. There, while the others are digging out eight stones, unless you daily do half as much work again, you shall have the name of the six-hundred-stripe man 
 Six-hundred- stripe man : "Sexcentoplago." This is a compound word, coined by the author. . ARISTOPHONTES By Gods and men, I do entreat you, Hegio, not to destroy this man. HEGIO He shall be taken all care of 
 He shall be taken all care of : Struck with admiration at his fidelity, Aristophontes begs Hegio not to destroy Tyndarus. As the verb "perduis" might also mean "lose" him, Hegio ironically takes it in the latter sense, and says that there is no fear of that, for he shall be well taken care of; or, in other words, strictly watched. For at night, fastened with chains, he shall be watched; in the daytime, beneath the ground, he shall be getting out stone. For many a day will I torture him; I'll not respite him for a single day. ARISTOPHONTES Is that settled by you? HEGIO Not more settled that I shall die. To the SLAVES. Take him away this instant to Hippolytus, the blacksmith; bid thick fetters to be rivetted on him. From there let him be led outside the gate to my freedman, Cordalus, at the stone-quarries. And tell him that I desire this man so to be treated, that he mayn't be in any respect worse off than he who is the most severely treated. TYNDARUS Why, since you are unwilling, do I desire myself to survive? At your own hazard is the risk of my life. After death, no evil have I to apprehend in death. Though I should live even to extreme age, still, short is the space for enduring what you threaten me with. Farewell and prosper although you are deserving for me to say otherwise. You, Aristophontes, as you have deserved of me, so fare you; for on your account has this befallen me. >HEG. to the SLAVES . Carry him off. TYNDARUS But this one thing I beg, that, if Philocrates should come back here, you will give me an opportunity of meeting him. HEGIO to the SLAVES . At your peril, if you don't this instant remove him from my sight. The SLAVES lay hold of TYNDARUS, and push him along. TYNDARUS I' troth, this really is violence 
 This really is violence : According to Suetonius, Julius Caesar used an exactly similar expression when first attacked by his murderers in the senate-house. On Tullius Cimber seizing hold of his garments he exclaimed, "Ita quidem vis est!" "Why, really, this is violence!" , to be both dragged and pushed at the same time. He is borne off by the SLAVES. 
 HEGIO He has been led off straight to prison 
 To prison : "Phylacam." This is a Greek word Latinized, meaning "prison" or "confinement." as he deserves. Let no one presume to attempt such an enterprise. Had it not been for you who discovered this to me, still would they have been leading me by the bridle with their tricks. Now am I resolved henceforth never to trust any person in anything. This once I have been deceived enough; I did hope, to my sorrow, that I had rescued my son from slavery. That hope has forsaken me. I lost one son, whom, a child in his fourth year, a slave stole from me; and, indeed, never since have I found either slave or son; the elder one has fallen in the hands of the enemy. What guilt is this of mine? As though I had become the father of children for the purpose of being childless. To AISTOPHONTES. Follow this way. I'll conduct you back where you were. I'm determined to have pity upon no one, since no one has pity upon me. ARISTOPHONTES Forth from my chains with evil omen did I come; now I perceive that with like ill omen to my bonds I must return. (Exeunt.) 
 Enter ERGASILUS Ergasilus : He has just come from the harbour, where he has seen the son of Hegio, together with Philocrates and Stalagmus, landing from the packet- boat. Now, as he speaks still of his intended dinner with Hegio, to which he had been invited in the earlier part of the Play, we must conclude, that since then, Philocrates has taken ship from the coast of Ætolia, arrived in Elis, procured the liberation of Philopolemus, and returned with him, all in the space of a few hours. This, however, although the coast of Elis was only about fifteen miles from that of Ætolia, is not at all consistent with probability; and the author has been much censured by some Commentators, especially by Lessing, on acccunt of his negligence. It must, however,be remembered, that Plautus was writing for a Roman audience, the greater part of whom did not know whether Elis was one mile or one hundred from the coast of Ætolia. We may suppose, too, that Philopolemus had already caused Stalagmus, the runaway slave, to be apprehended before the arrival of Philocrates in Elis. 
 ERGASILUS Supreme Jove! thou dost preserve me, and dost augment my means. Plenty, extreme and sumptuous, dost thou present to me; celebrity, profit, enjoyment, mirth, festivity, holidays, sights, provisions, carousings, abundance, joyousness. And to no man have I now determined with myself to go a-begging; for I'm able either to profit my friend or to destroy my enemy, to such extent has this delightful day heaped delights upon me in its delightfulness. I have lighted upon a most rich inheritance without incumbrances. 
 An inheritance without incumbrances : "Sine sacris hereditas." The meaning of this expression has been explained in the Notes to the Trinummus, 484. Now will I wend my way to this old gentleman Hegio, to whom I am carrying blessings as great as he himself prays for from the Gods, and even greater. Now, this is my determination, in the same fashion that the slaves of Comedy 
 Slaves of Comedy : — This was done that, when expedition was required, the cloak might not prove an obstruction to the wearer as he walked. The slaves in Comedies usually wore the "pallium," and as they were mostly active, bustling fellows, would have it tucked tightly around them. The "pallium" was usually worn passed over the left shoulder, then drawn behind the back, and under the left arm leaving it bare, and then thrown again over the left shoulder, are wont, so will I throw my cloak around my neck, that from me, the first of all, he may learn this matter. And I trust that I, by reason of this news, shall find provision up to the end. Enter HEGIO, at a distance. HEGIO to himself . The more that I revolve this matter in my breast, the more is my uneasiness of mind increased. That I should have been duped in this fashion to-day! and that I wasn't able to see through it! When this shall be known, then I shall be laughed at all over the city. The very moment that I shall have reached the Forum, all will be saying, "This is that clever old gentleman, who had the trick played him." But is this Ergasilus, that I see coming at a distance? Surely he has got his cloak gathered up; what, I wonder, is he going to do? ERGASILUS advancing, and talking to himself . Throw aside from you all tardiness, Ergasilus, and speed on this business. I threaten, and I strictly charge no person to stand in my way, unless any one shall be of opinion that he has lived long enough. For whoever does come in my way, shall stop me upon his face. He runs along, flourishing his arms about. HEGIO to himself . This fellow's beginning to box. ERGASILUS to himself . I'm determined to do it; so that every one may pursue his own path, let no one be bringing any of his business in this street; for my fist is a balista, my arm is my catapulta, my shoulder a battering-ram; then against whomsoever I dart my knee, I shall bring him to the ground. I'll make all persons to be picking up their teeth To be picking up their teeth : "Dentilegos." He says that he will knock their teeth out, and so make them pick them up from the ground. We must suppose that while he is thus hurrying on, he is walking up one of the long streets which were represented as emerging on the Roman stage, opposite to the audience. , whomsoever I shall meet with. HEGIO to himself . What threatening is this? For I cannot wonder enough. ERGASILUS I'll make him always to remember this day and place, and myself as well. Whoever stops me upon my road, I'll make him put a stop to his own existence. HEGIO to himself . What great thing is this fellow preparing to do, with such mighty threats? ERGASILUS I first give notice, that no one, by reason of his own fault, may be caught—keep yourselves in-doors at home, and guard yourselves from my attack. HEGIO to himself . By my faith, 'tis strange if he hasn't got this boldness by means of his stomach. Woe to that wretched man, through whose cheer this fellow has become quite swaggering. ERGASILUS Then the bakers, that feed swine, that fatten their pigs upon refuse bran, through the stench of which no one can pass by a baker's shop; if I see the pig of any one of them in the public way, I'll beat the bran out of the masters' themselves with my fists. HEGIO to himself . Royal and imperial edicts does he give out. The fellow is full; he certainly has his boldness from his stomach. ERGASILUS Then the fishmongers, who supply stinking fish to the public—who are carried about on a gelding, with his galloping galling pace 
 Galling pace : "Crucianti" may mean either "tormenting" the spectator by reason of the slowness of its pace, or "galling to the rider." "Quadrupedanti crucianti canterio" is a phrase, both in sound and meaning, much resembling what our song-books call the "galloping dreary dun." —the stench of whom drives all the loungers in the Basilica 
 In the Basilica : The "Basilica" was a building which served as a court of law, and a place of meeting for merchants and men of business. The name was perhaps derived from the Greek word βασιλεὺς, as the title of the second Athenian Archon, who had his tribunal or court of justice. The building was probably, in its original form, an insulated portico. The first edifice of this kind at Rome was erected B.C. 184 ; probably about the period when this Play was composed. It was situate in the Forum, and was built by Porcius Cato, from whom it was called the "Porcian Basilica." Twenty others were afterwards erected at different periods in the city. The loungers here mentioned, in the present instance, were probably sauntering about under the porticos of the Basilica, when their olfactory nerves were offended by the unsavoury smell of the fishermen's baskets. into the Forum, I'll bang their heads with their bulrush fish-baskets, that they may understand what annoyance they cause to the noses of other people. And then the butchers, as well, who render the sheep destitute of their young-who agree with you about killing lamb 
 About klling lamb : In these lines he seems to accuse the butchers of three faults—cruelty, knavery, and extortion. The general reading is "duplam," but Rost suggests "duplâ," "at double the price." If "duplam" is retained, might it not possibly mean that the butchers agree to kill lamb for you, and bring to you "duplam agninam," "double lamb," or, in other words, lamb twice as old as it ought to be? No doubt there was some particular age at which lamb, in the estimation of Ergasilus and his brother-epicures, was considered to be in its greatest perfection. , and then offer you lamb at double the price—who give the name of wether mutton to a ram—if I should only see that ram in the public way, I'll make both ram and owner most miserable beings. HEGIO to hieiself . Well done! He really does give out edicts fit for an Ædile, and 'tis indeed a surprising thing if the Ætolians haven't made him inspector of markets 
 Inspector of markets : "Agoranomum." The Ædiles were the inspectors of markets at Rome, while the 'Agoranomi' had a similar office in the Grecian cities . ERGASILUS No Parasite now am I, but a right royal king of kings; so large a stock of provision for my stomach is there at hand in the harbour. But why delay to overwhelm this old gentleman Hegio with gladness? With him, not a person among mankind exists equally fortunate.
 HEGIO apart . What joy is this, that he, thus joyous, is going to impart to me? ERGASILUS knocking at HEGIO'S door . Hallo, hallo!—where are you? Is any one coming to open this door? HEGIO apart . This fellow's betaking himself to my house to dine. ERGASILUS Open you both these doors 
 Both these doors : The street-doors of the ancients were generally "bivalve," or "folding-doors." , before I shall with knocking cause the destruction, piecemeal, of the doors. HEGIO apart . I'd like much to address the fellow. Aloud. Ergasilus! ERGASILUS Who's calling Ergasilus? HEGIO Turn round, and look at me. ERGASILUS not seeing who it is . A thing that Fortune does not do for you, nor ever will do, you bid me to do. But who is it. HEGIO Look round at me. 'Tis Hegio. ERGASILUS turning round . O me! Best of the very best of men, as many as exist, you have arrived opportunely. HEGIO You've met with some one at the harbour to dine with; through that you are elevated. ERGASILUS Give me your hand. HEGIO My hand? ERGASILUS Give me your hand, I say, this instant. HEGIO Take it. Giving him his hand. 
 ERGASILUS Rejoice. HEGIO Why should I rejoice? ERGASILUS Because I bid you; come now, rejoice. HEGIO I' faith, my sorrows exceed my rejoicings. ERGASILUS 'Tis not so, as you shall find; I'll at once drive away every spot of sorrow 
 Every spot of sorrow : He alludes, figuratively, to the art of the fuller or scourer, in taking the spots out of soiled garments. from your body. Rejoice without restraint. HEGIO I do rejoice, although I don't at all know why I should rejoice. ERGASILUS You do rightly; now order— HEGIO Order what? ERGASILUS A large fire to be made. HEGIO A large fire? ERGASILUS So I say, that a huge one it must be. HEGIO What, you vulture, do you suppose that for your sake I'm going to set my house on fire? ERGASILUS Don't be angry. Will you order, or will you not order, the pots to be put on, and the saucepans to be washed out, the bacon and the dainties to be made warm in the heated cooking-stoves, another one, too, to go purchase the fish? HEGIO This fellow's dreaming while awake. ERGASILUS Another to buy pork, and lamb, and pullets. HEGIO You understand how to feed well, if you had the means. ERGASILUS Gammons of bacon, too, and lampreys, spring pickled tunny-fish, mackerel, and sting-ray; large fish, too, and soft cheese. HEGIO You will have more opportunity, Ergasilus, here at my house, of talking about these things than of eating them. ERGASILUS Do you suppose that I'm saying this on my own account? HEGIO You will neither be eating nothing here to-day, nor yet much more than usual, so don't you be mistaken. Do you then bring an appetite to my house for your every-day fare. ERGASILUS Why, I'll so manage it, that you yourself shall wish to be profuse, though I myself should desire you not. HEA. What, I? ERGASILUS Yes, you. HEGIO Then you are my master. ERGASILUS Yes, and a kindly disposed one. Do you wish me to make you happy? HEGIO Certainly I would, rather than miserable. ERGASILUS Give me your hand. HEGIO extending his hand . Here is my hand. ERGASILUS All the Gods are blessing you. HEGIO I don't feel it so. ERGASILUS Why, you are not in a quickset hedge 
 In a quickset hedge : Here is a most wretched attempt at wit, which cannot be expressed in a literal translation. Hegio says, "Nihil sentio," "I don't feel it." Ergasilus plays upon the resemblance of the verb "sentio" to "sentis" and "senticetum," a "bramble-bush" or quickset hedge;" and says "You don't feel it so" "non senis." "because You are not in a quickset bedge, "in senticeto." , therefore you don't feel it; but order the vessels, in a clean state, to be got for you forthwith in readiness for the sacrifice, and one lamb to be brought here with all haste, a fat one. HEGIO Why? ERGASILUS That you may offer sacrifice HEGIO To which one of the Gods? ERGASILUS To myself, i' faith, for now am I your supreme Jupiter. I likewise am your salvation, your fortune, your life, your delight, your joy. Do you at once, then, make this Divinity propitious to you by cramming him.
 HEGIO You seem to me to be hungry. ERGASILUS For myself am I hungry, and not for you. HEGIO I readily allow of it at your own good will. ERGASILUS I believe you; from a boy 
 From a boy : An indelicate allusion is covertly intended in this line. you were in the habit— HEGIO May Jupiter and the Gods confound you. ERGASILUS I' troth, 'tis fair that for my news you should return me thanks; such great happiness do I now bring you from the harbour. HEGIO Now you are flattering me. Begone, you simpleton; you have arrived behind time, too late. ERGASILUS If I had come sooner, then for that reason you might rather have said that. Now, receive this joyous news of me which I bring you; for at the harbour I just now saw your son Philopolemus in the common fly-boat, alive, safe and sound, and likewise there that other young man together with him, and Stalagmus your slave, who fled from your house, who stole from you your little son, the child of four years old. HEGIO Away with you to utter perdition! You are trifling with me. ERGASILUS So may holy Gluttony 
 So may holy Gluttony : The Parasite very appropriately deifies Gluttony: as the Goddess of Bellyful would, of course, merit his constant worship. love me, Hegio, and so may she ever dignify me with her name, I did see— HEGIO My son? ERGASILUS Your son, and my good Genius. HEGIO That Elean captive, too? ERGASILUS Yes, by Apollo 
 Yes, by Apollo : In the exuberance of his joy at his prospects of good eating, the Parasite gives this, and his next five replies, in the Greek language; just as the diner-out, and the man of bon-mots and repartee, might in our day couch his replies in French, with the shrug of the shoulder and the becoming grimace. He first swears by Apollo, and then by Cora, which may mean either a city of Campania so called, or the Goddess Proserpine, who was called by the Greeks, Κορὴ, "the maiden." He then swears by four places in Campania—Præneste, Signia, Phrysinone, and Alatrium. As the scene is in Greece, Hegio asks him why he swears by these foreign places; to which he gives answer merely because they are as disagreable as the unsavoury dinner of vegetables which he had some time since promised him. This is, probably, merely an excuse for obtruding a slighting remark upon these places, which would meet with a ready response from a Roman audience, as the Campanians had sided with Hannibal against Rome in the second Punic war. They were probably miserable places desides, on which the more refined Romans looked with supreme contempt. 
 HEGIO The slave, too? My slave Stalagmus, he that stole my son—?
 ERGASILUS Yes, by Cora. HEGIO So long a time ago? ERGASILUS Yes, by Præneste! HEGIO Is he arrived? ERGASILUS Yes, by Signia! HEGIO For sure? ERGASILUS Yes, by Phrysinone! HEGIO Have a care, if you please. ERGASILUS Yes, by Alatrium! HEGIO Why are you swearing by foreign cities? ERGASILUS Why, because they are just as disagreable as you were declaring your fare to be. HEGIO Woe be to you! ERGASILUS Because that you don't believe me at all in what I say in sober earnestness. But of what country was Stalagmus, at the time when ne departed hence? HEGIO A Sicilian. ERGASILUS But now he is not a Sicilian—he is a Boian; he has got a Boian woman. 
 Got a Boian woman : There is an indelicate meaning in the expression "Boiam terere." The whole line is intended as a play upon words. "Boia" means either "a collar," which was placed round a prisoner's neck, or a female of the nation of the Boii in Gaul. "Boiam terere" may mean either "to have the prisoner's collar on," or, paraphrastically, "to be coupled with a Boian woman." Ergasilus having seen Stalagmus in the packet-boat with this collar on, declares that Stalagmus is a Sicilian no longer, for he has turned Boian having a Boian helpmate. A wife, I suppose, has been given to him for the sake of obtaining children. HEGIO Tell me, have you said these words to me in good earnest? ERGASILUS In good earnest. HEGIO Immortal Gods, I seem to be born again, if you are telling the truth. ERGASILUS Do you say so? Will you still entertain doubts, when I have solemnly sworn to you? In fine, Hegio, if you have little confidence in my oath, go yourself to the harbour and see. HEGIO I'm determined to do so. Do you arrange in-doors what's requisite. Use, ask for, take from my larder what you like; I appoint you cellarman. ERGASILUS Now, by my troth, if I have not prophesied truly to you, do you comb me out with a cudgel. HEGIO I'll find you in victuals to the end, if you are telling me the truth. ERGASILUS Whence shall it be? HEGIO From myself and from my son.
 ERGASILUS Do you promise that? HEGIO I do promise it. ERGASILUS But I, in return, promise 
 I, in return, promise : Ergasilus says, "Do you really promise me this fine entertainment?" To which, Hegio answers, "Spondeo," "I do promise." On this, Ergasilus replies, "that your son really has returned, I answer you," "respondeo," or, as he intends it to be meant, "I promise you once again," or "in return for your promise." you that your son has arrived. HEGIO Manage as well as ever you can. ERGASILUS A happy walk there to you, and a happy walk back. (Exit HEGIO.) 
 ERGASILUS, alone ERGASILUS He has gone away from here, and has entrusted to me the most important concern of catering. Immortal Gods how I shall now be slicing necks off of sides; how vast a downfall will befall the gammon 
 Befall the gammon : An alliteration is employed in these two lines, which cannot be well kept up in a literal translation. As, however, in the translation an attempt is made to give the spirit of the passage, the literal meaning may be here stated. "Pernis pestis," "a plague to the gammons;" "labes larido," "a fail for the bacon;" "sumini absumedo," "a consumption of udder;" "callo calamitas," "destruction to the brawn;" and "laniis lassitudo," "weariness to the butchers." Sows' udder, with the milk in it, first dried, and then cooked in some peculiar manner, was considered a great delicacy by the Roman epicures. ; how vast a belabouring the bacon! How great a using-up of udders, how vast a bewailing for the brawn! How great a bestirring for the butchers, how great a preparation for the porksellers! But if I were to enumerate the rest of the things which minister to the supply of the stomach, 'twould be sheer delay. Now will I go off to my government, to give laws to the bacon, and, those gammons that are hanging uncondemned, 
 Hanging uncondemned : He'll commute the punishment of the gammons and hams, for they shall hang no longer. to give aid to them. Goes into the house. 
 Enter a LAD, a servant of HEGIO. A LAD May Jupiter and the Deities confound you, Ergasilus, and your stomach, and all Parasites, and every one who henceforth shall give a dinner to Parasites. Destruction and devastation and ruin have just now entered our house. I was afraid that he would be making an attack on me, as though he had been an hungry wolf. And very dreadfully, upon my faith, was I frightened at him; he made such a gnashing with his teeth. On his arrival, the whole larder, with the meat, he turned upside down. He seized a knife, and first cut off the kernels of the neck 
 The kernels of the neck : The "glandia" were the kernels or tonsils of the throat, situate just below the root of the tongue. These portions of the dead pig seem to have been much prized as delicate eating. Judging from the present passage, the whole side of the pig, including the half-head, was salted and dried in one piece. The first thing that the Parasite does, is to cut the kernels from off of three sides, which he has relieved from the punishment of hanging. from three sides. All the pots and cups he broke, except those that held a couple of gallons 
 A couple of gallons : "Modiales." Literally, containing a "modius," which contained sixteen sextarii, something more than a peck of drymeasure English. ; of the cook he made enquiry whether the salting pans could be set on the fire to be made hot. All the cellars in the house he has broken into, and has laid the store-closet 
 The store-closet : "Armarium" was so called because it was originally a place for keeping arms. It afterwards came to signify a cupboard in a wall, in which clothes, books, money, and other articles of value, were placed. It was generally in the "atrium," or principal room of the house. In this instance it evidently means the store-closet, distinguished from the arder and the cellars. open. At the door. Watch him, servants, if you please; I'll go to meet the old gentleman. I'll tell him to get ready some provisions for his own self, if, indeed, he wishes himself to make use of any. For in this place, as this man, indeed, is managing, either there's nothing already, or very soon there will be nothing. (Exit.) 
 Enter HEGIO, PHILOPOLEMUS, PHILOCRATES, and behind them, STALAGMUS. HEGIO To Jove and to the Deities I return with reason hearty thanks, inasmuch as they have restored you to your father, and inasmuch as they have delivered me from very many afflictions, which, while I was obliged to be here without you, I was enduring, and inasmuch as I see that that fellow pointing to STALAGMUS is in my power, and inasmuch as his word pointing to PHILOCIATES has been found true to me.
 PHILOPOLEMUS Enough now have I grieved from my very soul, and enough with care and tears have I disquieted myself. Enough now have I heard of your woes, which at the harbour you told me of. Let us now to this business. PHILOCRATES What now, since I've kept my word with you, and have caused him to be restored back again to freedom? HEGIO Philocrates, you have acted so that I can never return you thanks enough, in the degree that you merit from myself and my son. PHILOPOLEMUS Nay, but you can, father, and you will be able, and I shall be able; and the Divinities will give the means for you to return the kindness he merits to one who deserves so highly of us; as, my father, you are able to do to this person who so especially deserves it. HEGIO What need is there of words? I have no tongue with which to deny whatever you may ask of me. PHILOCRATES I ask of you to restore to me that servant whom I left here as a surety for myself; who has always proved more faithful to me than to himself; in order that for his services I may be enabled to give him a reward. HEGIO Because you have acted thus kindly, the favour shall be returned, the thing that you ask; both that and anything else that you shall ask of me, you shall obtain. And I would not have you blame me, because in my anger I have treated him harshly. PHILOCRATES What have you done? HEGIO I confined him in fetters at the stone-quarries, when I found out that I had been imposed upon. PHILOCRATES Ah wretched me! That for my safety misfortunes should have happened to that best of men. HEGIO Now, on this account, you need not give me even one groat of silver 
 One groat of silver : "Libella " was the name of the smallest silver coin with the Romans, being the tenth part of a denarius. Hegio seems to make something of a favour of this, and to give his liberty to Tyndarus in consideration of his punishment; whereas he had originally agreed with Philocrates that, if Philopolemus was liberated, both he and Tyndarus should be set at liberty. for him. Receive him of me without cost that he may be free. PHILOCRATES On my word, Hegio, you act with kindness; but I entreat that you will order this man to be sent for.
 HEGIO Certainly. To the attendants, who immediately obey. Where are you? Go this instant, and bring Tyndarus here. To PHILOPOLEMUS and PHILOCRATES. Do you go in-doors; in the meantime, I wish to enquire of this statue for whipping 
 This statue for whiyping : The same expression occurs in the Pseudolus, l. 911. , what was done with my younger son. Do you go bathe in the meantime. PHILOPOLEMUS Philocrates, follow me this way in-doors. PHILOCRATES I follow you. They go into the house. 
 HEGIO and STALAGMUS. HEGIO Come you, step this way, you worthy fellow, my fine slave. STALAGMUS What is fitting for me to do, when you, such a man as you are, are speaking false? I was never a handsome, or a fine, or a good person, or an honest one, nor shall I ever be; assuredly, don't you be forming any hopes that I shall be honest. HEGIO You easily understand pretty well in what situation your fortunes are. If you shall prove truth-telling, you'll make your lot from bad somewhat better. Speak out, then, correctly and truthfully; but never yet truthfully or correctly have you acted. STALAGMUS Do you think that I'm ashamed to own it, when you affirm it? HEGIO But I'll make you to be ashamed; for I'll cause you to be blushes all over 
 Be blushes all over : He means that he will have him flogged until he is red all over. . STALAGMUS Heyday-you're threatening stripes, I suppose, to me, guite unaccustomed to them! Away with them, I beg. Tell me what you bring, that you may carry off hence what you are in want of. HEGIO Very fluent indeed. But now I wish this prating to be cut short. HEGIO As you desire, so be it done. HEGIO to the AUDIENCE . As a boy he was very obedient Was very obedient : An Indelicate remark is covertly intended in this passage. ; now that suits him not. Let's to this business; now give your attention, and inform me upon what I ask. If you tell the truth, you'll make your fortunes somewhat better. STALAGMUS That's mere trifling. Don't you think that I know what I'm deserving of? HEGIO Still, it is in your power to escape a small portion of it, if not the whole. STALAGMUS A small portion I shall escape, I know; but much will befall me, and with my deserving it, because I both ran away, and stole your son and sold him. HEGIO To what person? STALAGMUS To Theodoromedes the Polyplusian, in Elis, for six minæ. HEGIO O ye immortal Gods! He surely is the father of this person, Philocrates. STALAGMUS Why, I know him better than yourself, and have seen him more times. HEGIO Supreme Jove, preserve both myself and my son for me. He goes to the door, and calls aloud. Philocrates, by your good Genius, I do entreat you, come out, I want you. Enter PHILOCRATES, from the house PHILOCRATES Hegio, here am I; if you want anything of me, command me. HEGIO He pointing to STALAGMUS declares that he sold my son to your father, in Elis, for six minæ. PHILOCRATES to STALAGMUS . How long since did that happen? STALAGMUS This is the twentieth year, commencing from it. PHILOCRATES He is speaking falsely. STALAGMUS Either I or you do. Why, your father gave you the little child, of four years old, to be your own slave. PHILOCRATES What was his name? If you are speaking the truth, tell me that, then. STALAGMUS Pægnium, he used to be called; afterwards, you gave him the name of Tyndarus. PHILOCRATES Why don't I recollect you? STALAGMUS Because it's the fashion for persons to forget, and not to know him whose favour is esteemed as worth nothing. PHILOCRATES Tell me, was he the person whom you sold to my father, who was given me for my private service? STALAGMUS It was his son pointing to HEGIO . HEGIO Is this person now living? STALAGMUS I received the money I cared nothing about the rest.
 HEGIO to PHILOCRATES . What do you say? PHILOCRATES Why, this very Tyndarus is your son, according, indeed, to the proofs that he mentions. For, a boy himself together with me from boyhood was he brought up, virtuously and modestly, even to manhood. HEGIO I am both unhappy and happy, if you are telling the truth. Unhappy for this reason, because, if he is my son, I have badly treated him. Alas! why have I done both more and less than was his due. That I have ill treated him I am grieved; would that it only could be undone. But see, he's coming here, in a guise not according to his deserts. Enter TYNDARUS, in chains, led in by the SERVANTS. TYNDARUS to himself . I have seen many of the torments which take place at Acheron At Acheron : He here speaks of Acheron, not as one of the rivers of hell, but as the infernal regions themselves. often represented in paintings 
 Represented in paintings : Meursius thinks that the torments of the infernal regions were frequently represented in pictures, for the purpose of deterring men from evil actions, by keeping in view the certain consequences of their bad conduct. ; but most certainly there is no Acheron equal to where I have been in the stone-quarries. There, in fine, is the place where real lassitude must be undergone by the body in laboriousness. For when I came there, just as either jackdaws, or ducks, or quails, are given to Patrician children 
 To Patrician children : This passage is confirmed by what Pliny the Younger tells us in his Second Epistle. He says, that on the death of the son of Regulus, his father, in his grief, caused his favourite ponies and dogs, with his nightingales, parrots, and jackdaws, to be consumed on the funeral pile. It would certainly have been a greater compliment to his son's memory had he preserved them, and treated them kindly; but probably he intended to despatch them as playthings for the child in the other world. , for them to play with, so in like fashion, when I arrived, a crow was given 
 A crow was given : "Upupa." He puns upon the twofold meaning of this word, which signified either "a mattock" or a bird called a "hoopoe," according to the context. To preserve the spirit of the pun, a somewhat different translation has teen given. me with which to amuse myself. But see, my master's before the door; and lo! my other master has returned from Elis. HEGIO Hail to you, my much wished-for son. TYNDARUS Ha! how—my son? Aye, aye, I know why you pretend yourself to be the father, and me to be the son; it is because, just as parents do, you give me the means of seeing the light 
 Of seeing the light : He says, "You can only resemble a parent in the fact that you have given me the opportunity of seeing the light of day by taking me out of the dark stone-quarries." . PHILOCRATES Hail to you, Tyndarus. TYNDARUS And to you, for whose sake I am enduring these miseries. PHILOCRATES But now I'll make you in freedom come to wealth. For pointing to HEGIO this is your father; pointing to STALAGMUS that is the slave who stole you away from here when four years old, and sold you to my father for six minæ. He gave you, when a little child, to me a little child for my own service. He pointing to STALAGMUS has made a confession, for we have brought him back from Elis. TYNDARUS How, where's Hegio's son? PHILOCRATES Look now; indoors is your own brother. TYNDARUS How do you say? Have you brought that captive son of his? PHILOCRATES Why, he's in-doors, I say. TYNDARUS By my faith, you've done both well and happily. PHILOCRATES pointing to HEGIO . Now this is your own father; pointing to STALAGMUS this is the thief who stole you when a little child. TYNDARUS But now, grown up, I shall give him grown up to the executioner for his thieving. PHILOCRATES He deserves it. TYNDARUS I' faith, I'll deservedly give him the reward that he deserves. To HEGIO. But tell me I pray you, are you my father? HEGIO I am he, my son. TYNDARUS Now, at length, I bring it to my recollection, when I reconsider with myself: troth, I do now at last recall to memory that I had heard, as though through a mist, that my father was called Hegio. HEGIO I am he. PHILOCRATES I pray that your son may be lightened of these fetters, and this slave be loaded with them. HEGIO I'm resolved that that shall be the first thing attended to. Let's go in-doors, that the blacksmith may be sent for, in order that I may remove those fetters from you, and give them to him. They go into the house. 
 STALAGMUS To one who has no savings of his own, you'll be rightly doing so Be rightly doing so—Ver. 1033. Stalagmus chooses to take the word "dem," "may give," used by Hegio in its literal sense, and surlily replies, "I have nothing of my own by way of savings, 'peculium,' so I am the very person to whom you ought to give." .

 coming forward. 
 Spectators, this play is founded on chaste manners. No wenching is there in this, and no intriguing, no exposure of a child, no cheating out of money; and no young man in love here make his mistress free without his father's know ledge. The Poets find but few Comedies 
 Find but few Comedies : He here confesses that he does not pretend to frame the plots of his Plays himself, but that he goes to Greek sources for them; and forgetting that "beggars must not be choosers," he complains that so very few of the Greek Comedies are founded upon chaste manners. Indeed, this Play is justly deemed the most pure and innocent of all the Plays of Plautus; and the Company are quite justified in the commendations which, in their Epilogue, they bestow on it, as the author has carried out the promise which he made in the Prologue (with only four slight exceptions), of presenting them with an immaculate Play. of this kind, where good men might become better. Now, if it pleases you, and if we have pleased you, and have not been tedious, do you give this sign of it: you who wish that chaste manners should have their reward, give us your applause.