Ὁ μὲν δὴ περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ λόγος τοιοῦτος· καὶ οὕτω διαπέφευγε τοὺς λιθάζοντας, διελθὼν διὰ μέσου αὐτῶν. ὁ λόγος γὰρ οὐ λιθάζεται, λιθοβολεῖ δέ, ὅταν ἐθέλῃ, καὶ σφενδονᾷ θηρία, λόγους κακῶς τῷ ὄρει προσβαίνοντας. τί δ’ ἂν εἴποις, φασί, περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ; πόθεν ἡμῖν ἐπεισάγεις ξένον θεὸν καὶ ἄγραφον ; τοῦτο ἤδη καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν υἱὸν μετριάζοντες. ὅπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ὁδῶν εὑρεῖν ἐστὶ καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν, σχίζονταί τε ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων, καὶ εἰς ἄλληλα συνάγονται· τοῦτο κἀνταῦθα συμβαίνει διὰ τὸν πλοῦτον τῆς ἀσεβείας, καὶ τοὺς τὰ ἄλλα διεστῶτας ἐν ἄλλοις συμφέρεσθαι, ὥστε μηδὲ γινώσκειν καθαρῶς δύνασθαι τὸ συμφέρον ἢ τὸ μαχόμενον. Desunt omnia in a usque ad c. 6 medium 1. 1 τοιοῦτος] τοσοῦτος be ’ Or. 1 ’ || 2 om διελθὼν δία μέσου ἀυτῶν d || 6 επεισαξεις d 1. So the Son has escaped your slotting; but even among those who shrink from extremes in their opposition to the Son, there are some who think there is no scriptural authority for calling the Holy Spirit God. They part company with the extreme men, and then rejoin them, like roads or rivers that divide and then meet again. 2. διελθὼν διὰ μ.] St John viii 59. This ref. should be added to those given by Tischendorf in loco. 3. λιθοβολεῖ] cp. ii. 2. 6. ἄγραφον] i.e. not so called in Scripture. 7. περὶ τ. υἱ. μετριάζοντες] Ath. ad Serap. i 1 makes the same complaint: ἐξελθόντων μὲν τινῶν ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀρειανῶν διὰ τὴν κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημίαν, φρονούντων δὲ κατὰ τοῦ ἃγ ἴου πνεύματος. See Swete in Diet. Chr. Biogr., s.v. ‘Holy Ghost,' p. 121, 122. ib. ἐπὶ τῶν ὁδῶν evp. ἐ.] Roads and rivers sometimes divide, and then the divergent portions inert again lower down. So here, people differ on most points but agree on others, so that you never can be sure where they agree and where they are at issue. ἔχει μὲν οὖν τι καὶ δυσχερὲς ὁ περὶ τοῦ πνεύματος λόγος, οὐ μόνον ὅτι ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ λόγοις ἀποκαμόντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι θερμότερον τῷ πνεύματι προσπαλαίουσι· χρὴ γάρ τι πάντως αὐτοὺς ἀσεβεῖν, ἢ οὐδὲ βιωτός ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος· ἀλλ’ ὅτι καὶ ἡμεῖς τῷ πλήθει τῶν ζητημάτων ἀποκναισθέντες ταὐτὸ πάσχομεν τοῖς κακοσίτοις, οἱ ἐπειδὰν πρός τι τῶν βρωμάτων ἀηδισθῶσι, πρὸς πάντα λόγον ὁμοίως, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι πρὸς τροφήν, δυσχεραίνομεν. ὅμως διδότω τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ ὁ λόγος δραμεῖται, καὶ ὁ θεὸς δοξασθήσεται. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελῶς ἐξετάζειν καὶ διαιρεῖσθαι, ποσαχῶς ἢ τὸ πνεῦμα ἢ τὸ ἅγιον παρὰ τῇ θείᾳ γραφῆ νοεῖται καὶ λέγεται, μετὰ τῶν προσφόρων τῇ θεωρίᾳ μαρτυριῶν, καὶ ὅ τι παρὰ ταῦτα 2. 2 του υἱοῦ] OM του cd || 3 om οἱ e || 5 αὐτοῖς ἐστιν ce || 7 βρωμάτων] ζητηματων b 2. The enquiry about the Holy Ghost is difficult. Controversialists defeated over the Son attack the Holy Ghost the more eagerly. Good Christians, sick of argument, wish the enquiry left alone. But we must try. I shall not discuss the meaning of ‘ holy ’ and of ‘ Spirit, ’ of of the two words together. That has been done by others. 3. οἱ ἄνθρωποι] The clause χρὴ γάρ τι κτλ., as well as the opposed ἀλλ’ ὅτι καὶ ἡμεῖς, shows that Gr. does not mean 'men,' including good Christians who dislike controversy, but ’the men,' i.e. his opponents. Their very failure, and the exhaustion of their arguments about the Son ἀποκαμόντες), make them the more keen in their attack upon the Spirit. 6. ἀποκναισθέντες] Cp. i 2. 7. κακοσίτοις] ’squeamish about their diet.’ ib. ot ἐπειδὰν κτλ.] The MSS. appear to give no sign of any other reading, but the grammar is in hopeless confusion. The simplest remedy would be to strike out οἳ before ἐπειδάν, and to insert it before πρὸς πάντα. Otherwise we must suppose that some words have fallen out after ἀηδισθῶσι, such as πάντα ἀποστρέφονται, followed by ἡμεῖς οὖν to begin a new sentence. The required sense is plain, though it cannot be got out of the present text : that as people of delicate stomach, who have had something offered them which they dislike, turn against food in general, so we, disgusted with the Eunomian arguments about the Son, are disinclined to listen to arguments of any kind about the Spirit, or indeed on any religious subject. 9. ὁ λόγος δραμεῖται] 1 Thess. iii 1. As, however, ὁ λόγος is here ’the ’ and not directly ’the word of ’ Gr. shrinks from making it the subject of δοξασθήσεται, as in St Paul. 11. ποσαχῶς] in how many different senses the words πνεῦμα and ἄγιος are used in Scripture. 13. μαρτυριῶν] ’ the texts that bear upon the investigation.’ ἰδιοτρόπως τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν συνημμένον, λέγω δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ἑτέροις παρήσομεν, οἲ καὶ ἑαυτοῖς καὶ ἡμῖν ταῦτα πεφιλοσοφήκασιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡμεῖς ταῦτα ἐκείνοις. αὐτοὶ δὲ πρὸς τὰ ἑξῆς τοῦ λόγου τρεψόμεθα. Οἱ μὲν οὖν, ὡς ξένον τινὰ θεὸν καὶ παρέγγραπτον εἰσαγόντων ἡμῶν τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, δυσχεραίνοντες, καὶ σφόδρα προπολεμοῦντες τοῦ γράμματος, ἴστωσαν ἐκεῖ φοβούμενοι φόβον, οὗ μὴ ἔστι φόβος, καὶ σαφῶς γινωσκέτωσαν ὅτι ἔνδυμα τῆς ἀσεβείας ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἡ φιλία τοῦ γράμματος, ὡς δειχθήσεται μικρὸν ὕστερον, ἐπειδὰν τὰς ἐνστάσεις αὐτῶν εἰς δύναμιν διελέγξωμεν. ἡμεῖς δὲ τοσοῦτον θαρροῦμεν τῇ θεότητι τοῦ πνεύματος, ὃ πρεσβεύομεν, ὥστε καὶ τῆς θεολογίας ἐντεῦθεν ἀρξόμεθα, τὰς αὐτὰς τῇ τριάδι φωνὰς ἐφαρμόζοντες, κἄν τισι δοκῇ 2 ταυτα...ταυτα] ταὐτὰ . . . ταὐτὰ ceg || 4 τρεψώμεθα eg 3. 5 θέον τινα b || 12 0] ω ‘ Reg. a, Or. 1’ 3. ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡμεῖς] The use of ἐπεί, where perh. we might have expected ὡς, seems to be in favour of the reading ταὐτά, which would thus be taken to mean, ’since we agree with ’ But the mss. are not of very great value in matters of this kind (and it must be remembered that the principal MS. fails us at this point) ; and it would be difficult to supply a verb that would suit ταὐτά, which the obvious φιλοσοφοῦμεν would not do. Ἐπεὶ will therefore indicate that the proposed division of labour is a fair one : the ἔτεροι (by whom Gr. prob. means, not Basil, but students who wer still living to profit by his labours), have worked at that particular study for our advantage as well as their own, and we will leave it to them, since we are labouring at this other for theirs as well as ours. 3. Zeal for the letter ὁ Scripture is sometimes a cloak for My confidence in the Godhead of the Holy Ghost is absolute. He ἲς the Light that lighteneth every man, equally with the Father and the Son. I will fearlessly proclaim Him. 5. παρέγγραπτον] wrongly entered on the list ; cp. iii 18. 7. πρόπολεμοῦντες τ. γρ] Gr. will not say τῆς γραφῆς ; cp. iv 1 οἱ τοῦ γράμματος ἱερόσυλοι. ib. ἐκεῖ φοβούμενοι φ.] Ps. Iii 6 (Hii 5). 11. εἰς δύναμιν] ’ to the best ὁ our power.’ 12. θαρροῦμεν τῆ θ.] ‘have such confidence ’ not merely in the sense of believing that the thing is so, but in that of resting upon it for support. ib. πρεσβεύομεν] ’revere’; cp. i 5. 13. τῆς θεολογίας] ‘of θὶς account of the Godhead. ’ For numerous exx. of the use of the word, see Suicer s.v. ib. ἐντεῦθεν] explained by the clause τὰς αὐτὰς . . . ἐφαρμόζοντες. τολμηρότερον. ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν, ὃ φωτίζει πάντα ἄνθρωπον ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὁ πατήρ. ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν, ὃ φωτίζει πάντα ἄνθρωπον ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὁ υἱός. ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν, ὃ φωτίζει ἄνθρωπον ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὁ ἄλλος παράκλητος. ἦν, καὶ ἢν, καὶ ἦν· ἀλλ’ ἓν ἦν. φῶς, καὶ φῶς, καὶ φῶς· ἀλλ’ ἓν φῶς, εἷς θεός. τοῦτό ἐστιν ὃ καὶ Δαβὶδ πρότερον, λέγων· Ἐν τῷ φωτί σου ὀψόμεθα φῶς. καὶ νῦν ἡμεῖς καὶ τεθεάμεθα καὶ κηρύσσομεν, ἐκ φωτὸς τοῦ πατρὸς φῶς καταλαμβάνοντες τὸν υἱὸν ἐν φωτὶ τῷ πνεύματι, σύντομον καὶ ἀπέριττον τῆς τριάδος θεολογίαν. ὁ ἀθετῶν ἀθετείτω, ὁ ἀνομῶν ἀνομείτω · ἡμεῖς ὂ νενοήκαμεν, καὶ κηρύσσομεν. ἐπ’ ὄρος ὑψηλὸν ἀναβησόμεθα καὶ βοήσομεν, εἰ μὴ κάτωθεν ἀκουοίμεθα. ὑψώσομεν τὸ πνεῦμα, οὐ φοβηθησόμεθα. εἰ δὲ καὶ φοβηθησόμεθα, ἡσυχάζοντες, οὐ κηρύσσοντες· Εἰ ἦν ὅτε οὐκ ἦν ὁ πατήρ, ἦν ὅτε οὐκ ἦν ὁ υἱός. 7 πρότερον ἐφαντάσθη dg || 11 θεολογίαν] ὁμολογίαν b || 13 καὶ κηρύσσομεν] om καὶ f || 15 ησυχαζοντες] ἡσυχάσομεν f 1. ἢν τὸ φῶς] John i 9. There is no need to suppose that Gr. intends to make ἦν into a mere copula ; ‘ the true light was the Father.' Ὁ πατὴρ would more naturally be in apposition to τὸ φῶς. 8. ἐν τῷ φωτί σου] Ps. xxxv 10 (xxxvi 9). Both parts of the verse are frequently quoted by the Fathers as containing the doctrine of the Trinity. For the first half cp. Ambr. de Sp. S. i 15. 9. τεθεάμεθα κτλ.] The passage is influenced by 1 John i 3, 5. ib. ἐκ φωτὸς τοῦ πατρός] This is implied in the word ’Thy ’; the Holy Ghost is the ’s light, which implies that the Source from which He proceeds is light also. 12. ὁ ἀθετῶν κτλ] Is. xxi 2; with possibly a reminiscence of Ez. iii 27. 13. ἐπ’ ὄρος ὑψηλόν κτλ.] Is. xl. 9 ἐπ’ ὄρος ὑψ. ἀνάβηθι ὑψώσατε, μὴ φοβεῖσθε· εἰπόν . . . Ἴδου ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν. 14, εἰ μὴ κάτωθεν ἀκ.] Gr. prob. thinks of his favourite reference to Moses on Sinai, and of the unpre- pared people who were forbidden to go up with him. 15. εἰ δὲ καὶ φοβ.] ’and if we should be afraid at all, it will be for holding our peace , not for proclaim- ing Him? 4. There never was α time when He was not. No one person of the Trinity can be imagined to exist or to have ever existedwithoutthe others ; for an imperfect Godhead is unthinkable; able; especially a Godhead holiness. If He ever began to exist, He is on a level with us. How could He raise us, as He does, to Godhead? εἰ ἦν ὅτε οὐκ ἦν ὁ υἱός, ἦν ὅτε οὐδὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγ ἴον. εἰ τὸ ἓν ἢν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς, καὶ τὰ τρία. εἰ τὸ ἓν κάτω βάλλεις, τολμῶ, καὶ λέγω, μηδὲ τὰ δύο θῇς ἄνω. τίς γὰρ ἀτελοῦς θεότητος ὄνησις ; μᾶλλον δὲ τίς θεότης, εἰ μὴ τελεία ; τελεία δὲ πῶς, ᾗ λείπει τι πρὸς τελείωσιν ; λείπει δέ πὼς, μὴ ἐχούσῃ τὸ ἅγ ἴον· ἔχοι δ’ ἂν πῶς, μὴ τοῦτο ἔχουσα ; ἢ γὰρ ἄλλη τις παρὰ τοῦτο ἡ ἁγιότης ’ καὶ ἥ τις αὕτη νοεῖται, λεγέτω τις· ἢ εἴπερ ἡ αὐτή, πῶς οὐκ ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ; ὥσπερ ἄμεινον ὂν τῷ θεῷ εἶναί ποτε ἀτελεῖ, καὶ δίχα πνεύματος. εἰ μὴ ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἢν, μετ’ ἐμοῦ τέτακται, καὶ εἰ μικρὸν πρὸ ἐμοῦ. χρόνῳ γὰρ ἀπὸ θεοῦ τεμνόμεθα. εἰ τέτακται μετ’ ἐμοῦ, πῶς ἐμὲ ποιεῖ θεόν, ἢ πῶς συνάπτει θεότητι; Μαλλὸν δὲ φιλοσοφήσω σοι περὶ αὐτοῦ μικρὸν ἄνωθεν. περὶ τριάδος γὰρ καὶ πρότερον διειλήφαμεν. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Σαδδουκαῖοι μὲν οὐδὲ εἶναι τὸ παράπαν 4. 1 om τὸ ἄγιον cef2g || 1 τρια] + ἢν f || 4 θεότης εἰ μὴ τελεια] θεοτητος ἡμιτέλεια b : θεότητος εἰ μὴ τέλεια d : θεότης ἦ εἰ suprascr.) μὴ τέλεια c || δ’ av] ’δε c || 7 η γαρ] εἰ γὰρ dfg || η αγιοτης] om η e || 8 η αυτη] αὔτη ceg || 10 δίχα] + TOudfg || 11 ἄπο] + του ’duo Colb.’ 3. μηδὲ τὰ δύο θῆς ἄνω] ‘Ι veilture to tell you not to set the other two up ’ because it is useless and illogical to attempt it. 4. εἰ μὴ τελεία] I retain this reading in the text, as it has most authority and makes good sense ; but I have little doubt that the true reading, which would account for the variants, is ἡ μὴ τελεία. 6. μὴ τοῦτο ἔχουσα] By τοῦτο Gr. means the Holy Ghost. 7. ἢ γὰρ ἄλλη τις] Besides the superior Ms. authority for ἢ, it accords better with the καἰ before ἤ τις, which would be unintelligible with εἰ. It is quite in ’s style to interpose the question with λαὶ before passing on to the second horn of the dilemma. ‘ Either the holiness of the Godhead is independent of the Holy Spirit, — and in that case I should like to be informed what it is supposed to be; or if ’ etc. 10. μετ’ ἐμοῦ] in company with creatures like us. 5. The Sadducees denied His existence. Some of the best Greek thinkers had glimpses of Him, but there was no agreement among them on the point. Christians likewise are divided. While some believe Him to be God, some think Him α Divine operation, or even α creature; some make nice distinctions between His nature and those of the Father and Son. 14. μικρὸν ἄνωθεν] ‘a little farther back’; the same comparative use which we observed iu πόρρωθεν ii 2. 15. διειλήφαμεν] ’ have discussed’; cp. iv 16. ἐνόμισαν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀγγέλους, οὐδὲ ἀνάστασιν· οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅθεν τὰς τοσαύτας περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίας ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ διαπτύσαντες. Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ θεολογικώτεροι, καὶ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν προσεγγίσαντες, ἐφαντάσθησαν μέν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ· περὶ δὲ τὴν κλῆσιν διηνέχθησαν, νοῦν τοῦ παντός, καὶ τὸν θύραθεν νοῦν, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα προσαγορεύσαντες. τῶν δὲ καθ’ ἡμᾶς σοφῶν οἱ μὲν ἐνέργειαν τοῦτο ὑπέλαβον, οἱ δὲ κτίσμα, οἱ δὲ θεόν, οἱ δὲ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ὁπότερον τούτων, αἰδοῖ τῆς γραφῆς, ὥς φασιν, ὡς οὐδέτερον σαφῶς δηλωσάσης. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε σέβουσιν, οὔτε ἀτιμάζουσι, μέσως πὼς περὶ αὐτοῦ διακείμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ λίαν ἀθλίως. καὶ τῶν θεὸν ὑπειληφότων οἱ μὲν ἄχρι διανοίας εἰσὶν εὐσεβεῖς, οἱ δὲ τολμῶσιν εὐσεβεῖν καὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν. ἄλλων δὲ ἤκουσα μετρούντων θεότητα σοφωτέρων, οἳ τρία μὲν εἶναι καθ’ ἡμᾶς ὁμολογοῦσι τὰ νοούμενα, τοσοῦτον δὲ ἀλλήλων διέστησαν, ὡς τὸ μὲν καὶ οὐσία καὶ δυνάμει 5, 9 οὐδέτερον] οὐδὲν ἕτερον f ΙΙ 11 πέρι αὐτοῦ] πέρι αὐτὸ c2 || 14 σοφὼ. τερῶν] σοφώτερον ’in nonnull.’ 1. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀγγ.] Acts xxiii 8. Gr.'s remark is not exactly logical γάρ) ; the denial of angels would not involve the denial of the Holy Spirit. It looks as if he had carelessly taken πνεῦμα in that passage to = ἅγιον πν. 3. διαπτύσαντες] Cp. τοσαύτας Gr. prob. means, as De Billy interprets, tot ac tanta. id. Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ θ.] no doubt esp. Plato and Aristotle. If the actual expression νοῦς τοῦ παντός does not occur in Plato, the thought is there, and prob. the expression itself in some of the Neo- Platonists. The phrase τὸν θύραθεν νοῦν comes from Arist. de Gen. An. ii 3. 5. διηνέχθησαν] ’’they differed,' i.e. from one another. 6. τῶν δέ καθ’ ἤμ’. σ.] ‘of our own clever people,' as opp. to Ἑλλήνων. There is an ironical tone in σοφῶν, because, although orthodox divines are included in the phrase, Gr. is thinking most of the heretical doctors. 11. μέσως πως...διακ.] ‘ hold a kind of neutral position with regard Him.’ 12. Βy τὰς 12. ἄχρι διανοίας] Like the μέχρι which has occurred several times in these Orations, ἄχρι means ‘in thought and no father.’ They have not the courage to express it. 14. ἄλλων δὲ ἤ·κουσα] 1 1 have heard others, still cleverer, meting out Godfrequently head? It is not known whom he means. 15. τὰ νοούμενα] ‘that our notion is that of three existences.’ The is used throughout to avoid undue handling of personal language. 16. διέστησαν] 1st aor., ‘ they put them at such a distance from each other, as to make the first’ etc. ποιεῖν ἀόριστον· τὸ δὲ δυνάμει μέν, οὐκ οὐσίᾳ δέ· τὸ δὲ ἀμφοτέροις περιγραπτόν· ἄλλον τρόπον μιμούμενοι τοὺς δημιουργόν, καὶ συνεργόν, καὶ λειτουργὸν ὀνομάζοντας, καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὀνόμασι τάξιν καὶ χάριν τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίαν εἶναι νομίζοντας.