And, mark you, monarchies more than other governments keep an appraising eye upon the characters and actions of men, as everyone will admit. Who, then, that is of sound mind would not prefer to share in a form of government under which his own worth shall not pass unnoticed, rather than be lost in the hurly-burly of the mob and not be recognized for what he is? Furthermore, we should be right in pronouncing monarchy also a milder government, in proportion as it is easier to give heed to the will of a single person than to seek to please many and manifold minds.

Now one might multiply arguments to prove that this form of government is more agreeable and mild and just than others; yet, even from those I have advanced it is easy to see this at a glance. As for its other advantages, we can best appreciate how far monarchies excel other governments in planning and carrying out any course of action required of them if we place their most important practices side by side and try to review them. In the first place, then, men who enter upon office for an annual term are retired to private life before they have gained any insight into public affairs or any experience in handling them;

while men who are permanently in charge of the same duties, even though they fall short of the others in natural ability, at any rate have a great advantage over them in experience. In the next place, the former neglect many things, because each looks to the others to do them; while the latter neglect nothing, knowing that whatever is done depends upon their own efforts. Then again, men who live in oligarchies or democracies are led by their mutual rivalries to injure the commonwealthParty rivalry in the old Athenian democracy was carried on for the good of the state according to Isoc. 4.79. Not so in contemporary Athens, Isoc. 4.167. while those who live in monarchies, not having anyone to envy, do in all circumstances so far as possible what is best.

Furthermore, the former are dilatory in action,See Demosthenes’ contrast between the checks and delays which were put upon him as leader of the Athenians and Phillip’s freedom to act and strike quickly, Dem. 18.294. Cf. Dem. 4.40-46. for they spend most of their time over their private concerns; and when they do assemble in council, you will find them more often quarrellingFor the selfish bickerings of the platform orators see Isoc. 12.12 with each other than deliberating together; while the latter, for whom no councils or times of meeting are prescribed, but who apply themselves to the state’s business both day and night, do not let opportunities pass them by, but act in each case at the right moment.

Again, the former are ill-disposed toward each other and would rather have their predecessors and their successors in office administer the state as badly as possible, in order that they may win for themselves as much credit as possible; while the latter, because they are in control of affairs throughout their lives, are at all times actuated by feelings of good will.