Reason urges us with fresh ideas and fresh zeal to attack again our yesterday’s discourseCf. Plutarch’s introduction to the second essay on the ( 333 d). on the eating of flesh. It is indeed difficult, as CatoCf. 131 d, 198 d; , 8 (340 a). remarked, to talk to bellies which have no ears. And the potion of familiarity has been drunk, like that of Circe, x. 236. Commingling pains and pangs, tricks and tearsPerhaps a verse of Empedocles: Diels-Kranz, i, p. 372, frag. 154 a; cf. Wilamowitz, , xl, p. 165. (Andrews prefers to adopt the reading κυκεών, potion, assuming a verbal form, dulls or blunts, in the preceding or following line.); nor is it easy to extract the hook of flesh-eating, entangled as it is and embedded in the love of pleasure. And, like the Egyptians e who extract the viscera of the dead and cut them open in view of the sun, then throw them away as being the cause of every single sin that the man had committed, it would be well for us to excise our own gluttony and lust to kill and become pure for the remainder of our lives, since it is not so much our belly that drives us to the pollution of slaughter; it is itself polluted by our incontinence. Yet if, for heaven’s sake, it is really impossible for us to be free from error because we are on such terms of familiarity with it, let us at least be ashamed of our ill doing and resort to it only in reason. We shall eat flesh, but from hunger, not as a luxury. We shall kill an animal, but in pity and sorrow, not degrading or torturing it - which is the current practice in many cases, some thrusting red-hot spits into the throats of swine so that by the plunging in of the iron the blood may be emulsified and, as it circulates through the body, may make the flesh tender and delicate. Others jump upon the udders of sowsPliny, xi. 210-211 is not quite so gruesome. about to give birth and kick them so that, when they have blended together blood and milk and gore (Zeus the Purifier!) and the unborn young have at the same time been destroyed at the moment of birth, they may eat the most inflamed part of the creature. Still others sew up the eyes of cranesPliny, x. 60. and swans,Wyttenbach reasonably suggested geese, but see Athenaeus, 131 f; 393 c-d. shut them up in darkness and fatten them, making the flesh appetizing with strange compounds and spicy mixtures.