Schooling together has also given the bonitos their name of amia Similarly, Athenaeus (vii. 278 a; Cf. 324 d) quotes Aristotle as defining amia as not solitary, i.e. running in schools. Actually the term is probably foreign, perhaps of Egyptian origin (Cf. Thompson, , p. 13). and I think this is true of year-old tunnies as well.Plutarch takes pelamys to be compound of pelein to be and hama with, with references to their running in schools. It was also anciently presumed to be a compound of pelos mud and myein be shut in or enclosed, because of its habit of hiding in the mud (Cf. Aristotle, 599 b 18; Pliny, ix. 47). Most scholars now regard it as a loan from the Mediterranean substratum, although Thompson (, p. 198) suggests that it may be of Asiatic origin, since it was used especially of the tunny in the Black Sea. As for the other kinds which are observed to live in shoals in mutual society, it is impossible to state their number. Let us rather, therefore, proceed to examine those that have a special partnership, that is, symbiosis. One of these is the pinna-guard,See Thompson, , p. 202. over which ChrysippusVon Arnim, ii, p. 208, frag. 729 b (Athenaeus, 89 d). Cf. also fragments 729, 729 a, and 730. On the place of the pinna in Chrysippus’ theology see A. S. Pease, xxxiv (1941), p. 177. spilled a very great deal of ink; indeed it has a reserved seat in every single book of his, whether ethical or physical.Cf. . 1035 b, 1038 b. Chrysippus has obviously not investigated the sponge-guardA little crab that lives in the hollow chambers of a sponge. See Thompson, loc. cit. ; otherwise he could hardly have left it out. Now the pinna-guard is a crab-like creature, so they say, who lives with the pinnaOn this bivalve shellfish see Thompson, , p. 200; Mair on Oppian, ii. 186. and sits in front of the shell guarding the entrance. It allows the pinna to remain wide open and agape until one of the little fish that are their prey gets within; then the guard nips the flesh of the pinna and slips inside; the shell is closed and together they feast on the imprisoned prey.

The sponge is governed by a little creature not resembling a crab, but much like a spider.Nevertheless, it is a crab, Typton spongicola. Now the spongeCf. Aelian, viii. 16; Aristotle, v. 16 (548 a 28 ff.); Pliny, ix. 148; Antigonus, 83; Mair on Oppian, v. 656; Thompson, , pp. 249-250. is no lifeless, insensitive, bloodless thing; though it clings to the rocks,Cf. W. Jaeger, , p. 116, n. 1. as many other animals do, it has a peculiar movement outward and inward which needs, as it were, admonition and supervision. In any case it is loose in texture and its pores are relaxed because of its sloth and dullness; but when anything edible enters, the guard gives the signal, and it closes up and consumes the prey. Even more, if a man approaches or touches it, informed by the scratching of the guard, it shudders, as it were, and so closes itself up by stiffening and contracting that it is not an easy, but a very difficult, matter for the hunters to undercut it.

The purplefishSee Aristotle, v. 15 (546 b 19 ff.) quoted in Athenaeus, 88 d - 89 a; iii. 11 (761 b 32 ff.); Thompson, , pp. 209-218. lives in colonies which build up a comb together, like bees. In this the species is said to propagate; they catch at edible bits of oystergreen and seaweed that stick to shells, and furnish each other with a sort of periodic rotating banquet, as they feed one after another in series.

And why should anyone be surprised at the community life of these when the most unsociable and brutal of all creatures bred in river, lake, or sea, the crocodile, shows himself marvellously proficient at partnership and goodwill in his dealings with the Egyptian plover?See Herodotus, ii. 68; Thompson on Aristotle, ix. 6 (612 a 20); , p. 287. Some authorities such as Pliny, viii. 90 and Oppian, iii. 415 ff., state that the ichneumon attacks the crocodile while its mouth is open for the plover’s operations. Cf. Boulenger, , p. 104, for a modern factual account (see also his , p. 146). The plover is a bird of the swamps and river banks and it guards the crocodile, not supplying its own food, but as a boarder making a meal of the crocodile’s scraps.Cf. Aelian, iii. 11; xii. 15; [Aristotle], 7. Now when it perceives that, during the crocodile’s sleep, the ichneumonCf. 966 d supra. is planning to attack it, smearing itself with mud like an athlete dusting himself for the fray, the bird awakes the crocodile by crying and pecking at it. And the crocodile becomes so gentle with it that it will open its mouth and let it in and is pleased that the bird quietly pecks out, with its bill, bits of flesh which are caught in the teeth and cleans them up. When it is now satisfied and wants to close its mouth, it tilts its snout upward as an indication of its desire and does not let it down until the plover, at once perceiving the intention, flies out.

The so-called guide The name and the activity are appropriate to the pilot-fish (Cf. Oppian, v. 62 ff.; Aelian, ii. 13), but the description fits rather one of the globe-fishes, such as Diodon hystrix (cf. Thompson, , p. 75). See also Pliny, ix. 186; xi. 165, who calls it the sea mouse. Actually the pilot is just a sponger and accompanies the shoals with the sole object of picking up such crumbs as may fall from their table. Boulenger, , p. 105. is a small fish, in size and shape like a goby; but by reason of the roughness of its scales it is said to resemble a ruffled bird. It always accompanies one of the great whales, swimming in front of it and directing its course so that it may not go aground in shallows or be cut off in some lagoon or strait from which exit may be difficult. The whale follows it, as a ship obeys the helm, changing course with great docility. And whatever else, creature or boat or stone, it embraces in its gaping jaws is at once destroyed and goes to its ruin completely engulfed; but that little fish it knows and receives inside its mouth as in a haven. While the fish sleeps within, the whale remains motionless and lies by; but when it comes out again, the beast accompanies it and does not depart from it day or night; or, if it does, it gets lost and wanders at random. Many, indeed, have been cast up on the land and perished, being, as it were, without a pilot.Cf. the whole passage in Oppian, v. 70-349 on the destruction of whales. We, in fact, were witnesses of such a mishap near Anticyra not long ago; and they relate that some time ago, when a whale came aground not far from BoulisFor the unknown Bouna or Bounae of the mss. C. O. Müller (², p. 482) proposed Boulis, a town to the east of Anticyra on the Phocian Gulf. and rotted, a plague ensued.

Is it, then, justifiable to compare with these associations and companionships those friendships which AristotleFrag. 354, ed. V. Rose. says exist between foxes and snakes because of their common hostility to the eagle; or those between bustards and horsesCf. Aelian, ii. 28 and Mair on Oppian, ii. 406. because the former like to approach and pick over the dung ? As for me, I perceive even in ants or bees no such concern for each other. It is true that every one of them promotes the common task, yet none of them has any interest in or regard for his fellow individually.

PHAEDIMUS. And we shall observe this difference even more clearly when we turn our attention to the oldest and most important of social institutions and duties, those concerned with generation and procreation. Now in the first place those fish that inhabit a sea that borders on lagoons or receives rivers resort to these when they are ready to deposit then; eggs, seeking the tranquillity and smoothness of fresh water, since calm is a good midwife. Besides, lagoons and rivers are devoid of sea monsters,See 981 e infra; Pliny, ix. 71. so that the eggs and fry may survive. This is the reason why the Black Sea is most favoured for spawning by very many fish. It breeds no large sea beasts at all except an infrequent seal and a small dolphinCf. Aristotle, viii. 13 (598 b 2); Pliny, ix. 49 f.; Aelian, iv. 9; ix. 59; Mair on Oppian, i. 599; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. 47; Thompson, , pp. 54, 281.; besides, the influx of rivers - and those which empty into the Black Sea are numerous and very large - creates a gentle blend conducive to the production of offspring. The most wonderful tale is told about the anthias,On the identity see note on 977 c supra. which Homer, xvi. 407. calls Sacred Fish. See Gow on Theocritus, frag. 3. Homer does not call the anthias Sacred Fish, but merely alludes to a sacred fish; and in later times several were so regarded. Yet some think that sacred means important, just as we call the important bone os sacrum The last bone of the spine. and epilepsy, an important disease, the sacred disease.Cf. [Hippocrates], (L.C.L., vol. ii, pp. 138 ff.); Herodotus, iii. 33; Plato, , 85 a-b. Others interpret it in the ordinary sense as meaning dedicated or consecrated. EratosthenesPowell, , p. 60, frag. 12. 3; Hiller, frag. 14 (p. 31). seems to refer to the giltheadSee Mair on Oppian, i. 169. when he says Swift courser golden-browed, the sacred fish. Many say that this is the sturgeon,See 979 c supra. They are wrong, for while both the gilthead and the sturgeon were sacred fish, the description points clearly to the gilthead. which is rare and hard to catch, though it is often seen off the coast of Pamphylia. If any ever do succeed in catching it, they put on wreaths themselves and wreathe their boats; and, as they sail past, they are welcomed and honoured with shouts and applause. But most authorities hold that it is the anthias that is and is called sacred, for wherever this fish appears there are no sea monsters. Sponge-fishersCf. 950 c supra; Pliny, ix. 153; Thompson, , p. 15. may dive in confidence and fish may spawn without fear, as though they had a guarantor of their immunity. The reason for this is a puzzle: whether the monsters avoid the anthias as elephants do a pigCf. Aelian, i. 38; viii. 28; xvi. 36; al.. and lions a cock,Cf. Aelian, iii. 31; vi. 22; viii. 28; al. or whether there are indications of places free from monsters, which the fish comes to know and frequents, being an intelligent creature with a good memory.